202: Lab practical 3

urinary homeostasis

water balance, acid-base balance, blood pressure and volume, plasma ion concentration

urinary wastes

nitrogenous wastes, toxins, drugs

nephroptosis (renal ptosis)

kidney drops in the body cavity, may be due to loss of perirenal fat

renal capsule

The connective tissue covering the external surface of the kidney

renal fascia

outermost capsule that helps hold the kidney in place against the muscles of the trunk wall

blood flow into kidney

renal artery -\> segmental artery -\> interlobar artery -\> arcuate artery -\> cortical radiate artery -\> afferent arteriole -\> glomerulus
(Red Socks In A CaRpet Ate)

peritubular capillaries

The network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney, drain into cortical radiate vein

renal corpuscle

site of filtration; glomerulus and glomerular capsule

glomerular capsule

surrounds the glomerulus, beginning of renal tubule.
visceral layer with podocytes, parietal wall

glomerulus

knot of capillaries in kidneys under high pressure where filtrates leave the blood

nephron loop

long part of renal tubule that dips into medulla for absorption/secretion of ions

convoluted tubules

proximal before nephron loop, distal after leading to collecting duct

cortical nephron

majority of nephrons, almost entirely in cortex

juxtamedullary nephron

dips deep into medulla, important for concentrating urine

ureter

tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

trigone

triangular area in the urinary bladder in which the ureters enter and the urethra exits

bladder mucosa

transitional epithelium

distended bladder

epithelium thins and increases in size
collapsed: walls are thick and folded (to keep pressure equal)

urethral sphincters

internal- involuntary smooth muscle
external- voluntary skeletal muscle

glomerular filtration

water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule into the renal tubule

tubular reabsorption

water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then enter the peritubular capillaries

tubular secretion

H+, K+, creatinine, and drugs are removed from the peritubular blood and secreted by the tubule cells into the filtrate

excretion rate

(filtration rate + secretion rate) - reabsorption rate
1-1.8L of urine produced in 24hrs

micturition

urination

glycosuria

glucose in the urine
causes: diabetes mellitus, excessive carb intake

proteinuria

protein in the urine
causes: hypertension, pregnancy, physical exertion

pyuria

WBCs in urine
causes: urinary tract infection, gonorrhea

hematuria

blood in the urine
causes: kidney stones, organ trauma, tract tumors, glomerularnephritis

hemoglobinuria

hemoglobin in the urine
causes: hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions, burns, renal disease

bilirubinuria

bilirubin in urine
causes: hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, gallstones

nitrituria

nitrites in urine
causes: UTIs

ketonuria

ketones in the urine
causes: diabetes mellitus, starvation, low-carb diets

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney

casts

hardened cell fragments in DCT flushed out

uterus lumen

cavity of uterus

ampulla of uterine tube

site of fertilization

fimbriae

finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes that do not touch ovaries
risks: fertilized egg can implant in abdomen, spread infection into pelvis

infundibulum

the funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube near the ovary

isthmus

narrowing of uterine tube as it enters body of uterus

mons pubis

fatty area overlying pubic symphysis

vulva

external female genitalia

labia

majora- sebaceous, apocrine, adipose tissue. homologous to scrotum
minora- medial, sebaceous glands

vestibule

contains clitoris, urethral orifice, vaginal orifice

clitoris

homologous to glans penis

greater vestibular glands

mucus-secreting glands on either side of vagina, homologous to bulbourethral glands in males

glandular alveoli

produce milk

lactiferous

ducts- pass milk from alveoli
sinus- storage chamber

oogonium

female stem cell, undergo mitosis before birth to make primary oocytes

secondary oocyte

An oocyte in which the first meiotic division is completed during monthly ovarian cycle, released from follicle

polar body

a short-lived product of the formation of gametes by meiosis

ovum

product of meiosis II if interaction with sperm

follicular phase

The first phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a follicle enlarges and matures

luteal phase

The third phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a corpus luteum is formed from ruptured follicle.
-Secretes progestrone and estrogen
-begins to degenerate as LH levels drop after ovulation

primordial follicle

primary oocyte + single layer of follicle cells present at birth

primary follicle

begins at puberty. squamous cells become cuboidal around primary oocyte

vesicular follicle

fully mature follicle that is hormone-dependent. Meiosis I happens just before ovulation and follicle bursts

estrogen

Promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics
Regulates changes in the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle
Helps prepare mammary glands for lactation

progesterone

Regulates changes in the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle
Maintains uterine musculature in a quiescent state during pregnancy
Helps to prepare the breast tissue for lactation

prolactin

anterior pituitary; Stimulates breast development
Maintains lactation by the mammary glands after childbirth
*stimulated by estrogen in birth control to suppress GnRH

progestin

a synthetic form of progesterone
-Thickens mucus in the cervix - makes it difficult for
sperm to enter the uterus
-Also suppresses ovulation, but not as consistently as estrogen
-Thins the lining of the uterus - discourages implantation of a zygote

spermatic cord

encloses each ductus deferens with nerves, lymphatics, arteries, and veins

seminal vesicles

secrete 70% of seminal fluid that is alkaline and contains fructose

prostate

secretes 30% of seminal fluid that activates sperm

prepuce

foreskin; loose casing that covers the glans penis; removed by circumcision

spermatogonium

sperm stem cell that undergo mitosis into Type A and Type B daughter cells

primary spermatocyte

undergoes Meiosis I to produce 2 Secondary Spermatocytes

secondary spermatocyte

undergo meiosis II to form 4 early spermatids

spermatids

immature haploid sperm cells that must undergo spermiogenesis to mature

spermiogenesis

transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa

FSH males

where: anterior pituitary
what: stimulates sperm production

LH males

where: anterior pituitary
what: promotes testosterone production

mechanical digestion

physical breakdown of food
chewing/mixing in mouth, churning in stomach, segmentation

chemical digestion

breaking down food with enzymes

peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

segmentation

constrictions that churn and fragment a bolus, mixing with digestive juices. mainly in small intestine

bolus

food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva

deglutition

swallowing

chyme

food after it has been processed in stomach to enter small intestines

bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

mucosa

innermost moist layer of alimentary canal made of epithelium, some connective tissue, some smooth muscles

submucosa

beneath mucosa of alimentary canal. soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, lymphatics

muscularis externa

2 layers of smooth muscle in alimentary canal
-circular layer
-outer longitudinal layer

serosa

outermost layer of the digestive tract with fluid-producing cells
-visceral peritoneum wraps canal organs
-parietal peritoneum lines abdominopelvic cavity

oral vestibule

area between the teeth and lips/cheeks

palate

hard-anterior roof of mouth
soft-posterior roof

saliva

mucus+serous fluid that help form food bolus.
contain salivary amylase to begin digestion
dissolves chemicals to be tasted

parotid glands

large glands at the angle of the jaw which produce saliva

submandibular glands

salivary glands beneath the mandible and duct to tongue

sublingual glands

salivary glands located under the tongue

esophagus

runs from pharynx to stomach conducting food by peristalsis, no digestive function

cardioesophageal sphincter

muscular opening between the esophagus and stomach

pyloric sphincter

opening from the stomach into the duodenum

cardiac region of stomach

small area near esophageal opening and heart

stomach fundus

superior rounded portion of stomach under diaphragm

stomach body

central part of the stomach

pylorus

portion of the stomach that connects to the duodenum

\*where most digestion occurs

rugae

internal folds of the stomach mucosa, allow it to expand

greater omentum

part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines

lesser omentum

peritoneal membrane that attaches the stomach and duodenum to the liver

duodenum

first part of the small intestine attached to stomach