Intro to Counseling Final

(Interpersonal therapy) Explaining depression

IPT views depression as a result of an imbalance in the patient's relationships. This imbalance can be caused by a variety of factors such as social isolation, unresolved grief, conflicts with others, or transitions in life.

(Interpersonal therapy) Initial phase: understand depression

The therapist's primary focus is on understanding the patient's experience of depression and how it relates to their interpersonal relationships.

The therapist will conduct an assessment to gather information about the patient's current and past relationships, any recent life events or changes, and any symptoms of depression they are experiencing

(Interpersonal therapy) Middle phase: interpersonal problem area

focused on addressing the patient's specific interpersonal problem area that is contributing to their depression. The therapist and patient work collaboratively to explore the patient's interpersonal relationships and develop strategies to improve them.

(Interpersonal therapy) Termination phase: time-limited treatment

the therapist and patient will review the progress that has been made in addressing the patient's specific interpersonal problem area and reducing symptoms of depression. The therapist may ask the patient to reflect on the skills and strategies they have learned during treatment and how they can continue to use them in the future.

(Interpersonal therapy) Interpersonal problem areas: Grief, interpersonal disputes, role transitions, & interpersonal deficits

Grief: a significant factor in depression. This may involve the loss of a loved one, the end of a significant relationship, or another significant loss that has not been fully processed.

Interpersonal disputes: Conflicts with others, such as family members, friends, or coworkers, can contribute to depression. IPT focuses on resolving these disputes in a way that improves the patient's interpersonal relationships.

Role transitions: Significant life changes, such as marriage, divorce, retirement, or becoming a parent, can be challenging and contribute to depression

Interpersonal deficits: Some individuals may struggle with making and maintaining meaningful relationships. This can lead to social isolation and contribute to depression. IPT helps patients to develop interpersonal skills and strategies for building and maintaining relationships.

(Interpersonal therapy) Attachment

Attachment theory suggests that a child's early experiences with their caregivers shape their expectations about relationships and influence their ability to form and maintain close relationships later in life.

(Interpersonal therapy) Social support

IPT recognizes that social support plays a critical role in maintaining mental health and can be an effective tool for reducing symptoms of depression.

(Feminist therapy) Psychological oppression

refers to the ways in which individuals or groups are subjected to psychological mistreatment or abuse based on their gender or other identities that intersect with gender, such as race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or ability.

(Feminist therapy) Gender socialization

refers to the ways in which individuals are socialized into gender roles and expectations based on their assigned sex at birth. Feminist therapy recognizes that gender socialization can have a significant impact on mental health and well-being.

(Feminist therapy) Power (recognize, then assert/claim)

Feminist therapy recognizes that power is not distributed equally in society and that individuals or groups may experience various forms of oppression based on their gender, race, class, sexual orientation, ability, and other intersecting identities.

Feminist therapy aims to empower individuals to recognize their own power and assert/claim their rights and agency in the face of oppressive societal messages and beliefs.

(Feminist therapy) Privilege

privilege refers to the advantages and benefits that individuals or groups have in society based on their social identities, such as gender, race, class, sexual orientation, and ability.

(Feminist therapy) Personal is political

It means that personal issues or struggles are not solely individual problems, but rather are connected to larger social, cultural, and political issues.

(Feminist therapy) Multicultural, flexible approach

recognizes the diversity of experiences and identities among individuals and groups. It acknowledges that traditional mental health approaches have historically privileged the experiences and perspectives of dominant groups, such as white, heterosexual, middle-class men, and that this has led to the marginalization and pathologization of individuals from marginalized groups. Feminist therapy also recognizes the importance of flexibility in therapy, as individuals may have different needs and preferences for how they want to engage in the therapeutic process. For example, some individuals may prefer a more collaborative approach to therapy, while others may prefer a more directive approach.

(Feminist therapy) Stereotype threat

In feminist therapy, stereotype threat is understood as a result of systemic oppression and discrimination. Feminist therapists recognize that individuals from marginalized groups may internalize negative stereotypes about themselves, and that this can impact their mental health and well-being.

(Feminist therapy) Egalitarian tx relationship

egalitarian therapeutic relationship refers to a collaborative, non-hierarchical relationship between the therapist and client. This type of relationship is based on mutual respect, trust, and empowerment, where both the therapist and client are seen as experts in their own experiences.

(Feminist therapy) De-centering

the process of shifting the focus of therapy away from the individual and towards the broader social and cultural context in which their experiences occur. This involves recognizing that individual experiences are shaped by larger systems of power, oppression, and privilege, and that these systems must be addressed in order to promote individual and collective healing and empowerment.

(Feminist therapy) Distress due to systemic factors, not pathologizing

distress or mental health issues are not seen as solely the result of individual pathology or personal flaws, but are often understood to be the result of systemic factors, such as discrimination, oppression, and power imbalances. Therefore, feminist therapy seeks to avoid pathologizing clients and instead focuses on understanding the broader social and cultural context in which the individual's distress is occurring.

(Feminist therapy) Empowerment

Empowerment is a central concept in feminist therapy, and it refers to the process of helping clients to gain a sense of control and agency in their lives. In feminist therapy, empowerment involves providing clients with the tools and resources they need to challenge and resist the systems of power and oppression that may be contributing to their distress.

(Integrative therapy) Eclecticism vs. Integrative

Eclecticism is an approach that involves using a variety of therapeutic techniques and interventions drawn from different theoretical orientations or schools of thought. In eclectic therapy, the therapist may use techniques from cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy, or other approaches depending on the individual client's needs and goals. The therapist is not tied to any particular theoretical framework or set of techniques, but rather adapts their approach to the unique needs and preferences of each client.

Integrative therapy, on the other hand, involves integrating multiple theoretical perspectives into a coherent and cohesive approach to therapy. In integrative therapy, the therapist may draw on a variety of theoretical orientations, but they work to integrate these perspectives into a consistent and unified framework. This approach recognizes that no one theoretical perspective is sufficient for addressing the complex and multifaceted issues that clients may bring to therapy.

(Integrative therapy) Critiques of eclecticism: "Grab bag"

"grab bag" approach, where therapists pick and choose techniques from various theoretical orientations without a clear rationale or framework for how they are being used. This can lead to a lack of coherence and consistency in the therapeutic approach, which may be confusing or frustrating for clients.

(Integrative therapy) Critiques of unitary theory: Focus on founders, universal application

Unitary theory is an approach to psychotherapy that emphasizes the universality of human experience and focuses on commonalities across individuals and cultures. It assumes that all individuals share similar experiences and needs, which may not be the case. This approach tends to emphasize commonalities across individuals, while downplaying or ignoring differences in experiences and identities. This can be problematic, particularly in therapy with individuals from marginalized or underrepresented groups, who may face unique challenges and experiences that are not fully captured by a unitary approach.

(Integrative therapy) 4 integrations: Technical eclecticism, Theoretical integration, Assimilative integration, & Common factors

Technical eclecticism: This approach involves selecting techniques from different therapeutic modalities based on their demonstrated effectiveness in treating specific problems. In this approach, the therapist chooses the most appropriate technique from a range of approaches to address a specific issue or problem. The therapist might use cognitive-behavioral techniques to address anxiety, psychodynamic techniques to explore underlying emotional issues, or mindfulness techniques to promote relaxation and self-awareness.

Theoretical integration: This approach involves synthesizing different theories of human behavior and personality to create a new, integrated theory that can be used to guide therapeutic interventions. For example, a therapist might combine cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic theories to create a new, integrative theory that incorporates elements of each. The therapist might then use this theory to guide treatment, drawing on techniques from each modality as needed.

Assimilative integration: This approach involves integrating elements of different therapeutic modalities into an existing, well-established approach. In this approach, the therapist maintains a primary theoretical orientation but incorporates techniques from other modalities to supplement or enhance the treatment. For example, a cognitive-behavioral therapist might integrate mindfulness techniques into their treatment to promote emotional regulation and self-awareness.

Common factors: This approach focuses on identifying the common factors that underlie successful therapeutic outcomes across different therapeutic modalities. The common factors approach suggests that the therapeutic relationship, client factors, and therapist factors are more important determinants of successful outcomes than specific techniques or theoretical

(Integrative therapy) Common Factors Therapy: a specified model focused on change principles

This approach is based on the idea that there are certain factors that are consistently associated with positive outcomes in psychotherapy, regardless of the specific theoretical orientation or technique used. These common factors include:

The therapeutic relationship: The quality of the relationship between therapist and client is a key predictor of positive outcomes in therapy. This includes factors such as empathy, warmth, and genuineness, as well as the ability to establish a sense of trust and safety.

Client factors: Client factors, such as motivation, self-efficacy, and the ability to cope with stress, are also important predictors of positive outcomes in therapy.

Therapist factors: The therapist's ability to create a sense of hope, optimism, and positive expectations for change is an important predictor of positive outcomes in therapy.

Common therapeutic factors: There are certain principles and techniques that are common to many effective therapies, such as active listening, validation, and goal-setting.

Examples of change principles: Therapeutic relationship, motivation, corrective experiencing, insight, & self-efficacy

Motivation: Motivation is another important change principle in therapy. Clients who are motivated to change and are willing to engage in the therapeutic process are more likely to experience positive outcomes. Motivation can be fostered through the use of techniques such as goal-setting, positive reinforcement, and encouragement.

Corrective experiencing: Corrective experiencing is a change principle that involves helping clients to confront and process difficult emotions or experiences in a safe and supportive environment. By revisiting and reprocessing these experiences in therapy, clients can gain new insights, reduce negative emotions, and develop new coping strategies.

Insight: Insight is another important change principle in therapy. By gaining a deeper understanding of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, clients can develop new perspectives and insights that can help them make positive changes in their lives. Insight can be fostered through the use of techniques such as exploration, reflection, and guided self-discovery.

Self-efficacy: Self-efficacy is a change principle that refers to a person's belief in their ability to accomplish a specific task or achieve a specific goal. Clients who have a strong sense of self-efficacy are more likely to engage in positive behaviors and persist in the face of challenges. Self-efficacy can be fostered through techniques such as goal-setting, positive reinforcement, and guided mastery experiences.

IPT focuses on a fundamental principle:

A ego defense mechanisms arise in the presence of interpersonal stressors

B our relationships are undermined by mental health generally

C no mechanisms exist for our mental health; only relationships

D depression occurs in an interpersonal context

D depression occurs in an interpersonal context

4 interpersonal problem areas are explored in the chapter. Which is NOT one of them?

A interpersonal disputes

B transference and countertransference

C grief

D role transitions

B transference and countertransference

John Bowlby's attachment theory is relevant to IPT because…

A there is a universal human need to develop lasting affectional bonds

B attachment relationships in early life need to be brought to full maturity for emotional well-being

C depression is a sign of being anxiously attached

D most people can avoid having an "internal working model" if their parents raise them appropriately

A there is a universal human need to develop lasting affectional bonds

From an IPT framework, pathology has three component processes, namely…

A transference, countertransference, & self-efficacy

B symptom function, interpersonal relations, & personality problems

C internalizing, externalizing, & thought disordered

D activating, deactivating, & enabling

B symptom function, interpersonal relations, & personality problems

Strategies, more than specific interventions, characterize the process of IPT. The focus of these strategies tends to be…

A mindfulness

B transference

C countertransference

D managing depression and the 4 problem areas

D managing depression and the 4 problem areas

The possible mechanisms of change, i.e., what the therapy addresses for a client to experience relief, for IPT include…

A improving interpersonal skills

B facilitating emotional processing

C all of these are correct

D enhancing social support

C all of these are correct

Which of the following BEST reflects how feminist therapy views politics and therapy?

A since oppression is not political, politics is avoided as a topic in therapy

B political ideology, but not political activism, is encouraged through therapy

C what is personal IS political

D politics has no place in therapy

C what is personal IS political

Feminist therapists approach therapy by seeking a(n) therapeutic relationship and a(n) _ approach to diagnosis concerns.

A respectful; categorical

B stratified; wellness-based

C empathetic; scientific

D egalitarian; strengths-based

D egalitarian; strengths-based

Gender : :: Sex :

A stereotype; social role

B oppression; power

C hormones; discrimination

D social; biological

D social; biological

Regarding rates of therapists who are eclectic or integrative, which of the following is FALSE?

A Eclectic therapists want nothing to do with integrative therapists

B 90% of clinical psychologists in the US embraced several orientations

C It is rare for a therapist to ascribe to only one theoretical orientation

D integrative is the modal (most-frequently occurring) orientation in the US

A Eclectic therapists want nothing to do with integrative therapists