Bio Lecture CH42

Primary source of animal waste product, CO2

cellular respiration

Small molecules move between cells ans their surroundings through what process?

Diffusion

When animals have direct contact with the environment

simple exchange system

What does the GVC function in

digestion and distribution of substances

What organisms have GVC

cnidarians and flatworms

How many cells thick is the GVC

2

How do cells exchange material with the environment

circulatory system

Which systems are functionally related in most animals

circulatory/gas exchange

Specialized exchange system in animals (fish)

gills

which molecule diffuses from the water to blood vessel

O2

what molecule diffuses from blood into water

CO2

What does the circulatory system circulate?

gases, hormones, nutrients, wastes, antibodies, and heat

Circulatory system components

muscular pump, circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels

Things to know about muscular pump

• 1 or many

• muscular tube

• pumps in 1 direction

take pumped blood from heart to tissues

vessels

Valves

keep blood flowing in correct direction

Aspects of an open circulatory system

• found in invertebrates

• dorsal/tubular heart with pores

• hemolymph

is not completely contained within blood vessels, enters heart through ostia, and is pumped forward when heart contracts

Hemolymph

Where is the closed circulatory system found in

annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates

Aspects of a closed circulatory system

blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid

close circulatory system found in humans and other vertebrates

cardiovascular system

3 main types of blood vessels

arteries, veins, and capillaries

blood flow in a cardiovascular system goes…

1 way

where do arteries carry blood

away from the heart

where do veins carry blood?

to the heart

basic components of the circulatory system

vessels, circulatory fluid, muscular pump

The vessel that moves around in the circulatory system in a typical arthropod is_____

hemolymph

What do arteries branch into and where do they carry blood?

arterioles; away from the heart

Where do arterioles carry blood?

to the capillaries

Site of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

capillary

Venules converge into _______ and they carry blood to/away from the heart?

Veins; to

Blood enters through the _______ and is pumped out through the __________

atria; ventricles

What is the least number of chambers a mammal can have?

4

How many heart chambers do fish have?

2

single circulation

blood leaving heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

What happens to blood pressure after passing through gills?

its gets really low, so its hard to get blood to the rest of the body

What organisms have double circulation

amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

other term for double circulation

pulmonary and systemic circulation

What happens in double circulation

oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separate sides of heart

pulmonary circuit

pumps oxygen—poor blood to lungs

Systemic circuit

delivers oxygen-rich blood to body

double circulation maintains higher/lower pressure in the organs than singular blood pressure

higher

In single circuit circulation, how many atria and ventricles are there?

1 atria and 1 ventricle

deox blood flows to A and V and then goes to arteries and gill capillaries to become oxygenated. It then flows to body capillaries and comes back to heart via veins.

single circulation

Which organisms have three heart chambers

reptiles and amphibians

which organisms have 4 heart chambers

mammals, birds, and crocodiles

What circuit does blood flow through in amphibians

pulmocutaneous circuit

Where do amphibians pick up oxygen through

lungs and skin

What happens to oxygenated and de oxygenated blood because there are 3 chambers

they mix

How many atria and ventricles are in amphibians and reptiles

2 atria and 1 ventricle

carries oxygenated blood to the body and back to the heart

systemic circuit

Mammals are endo/ectotherms and require more/less ocygen than endo/ectotherms

endotherms/more/ectotherms

The pumping of the right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood to the _________ via the the _______________________

lungs/pulmonary arteries

the blood floes through capillary beds and loads ____ and unloads ____.

O2/CO2

Oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs via the ______ to the ______ atrium of the heart

pulmonary venules/left

Systemic circuit of the body

aorta→arteries→arterioles→body capillaries→venules→veins→vena cava

deox blood from the top part of the body will flow back through the heart via the superior/inferior vena cava

superior

what serves as collection chambers for blood returning tot he heart

atria

do atria or ventricles have thicker walls

ventricles

do atria or ventricles contract more forcefully

ventricles

vena cava→right atrium→right ventricle→pulmonary artery→pulonary trunk→ lung capillaries→pulmonary veins

pulmonary circuit

What seperates each atrium and ventricle

atrioventricular valves

which valves control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery

semilunar valves

what condition is caused by back flow of blood

heart murmur

rhythmic cycle of contraction and relaxing of heart

cardiac cycle

pumping phase

systole

filling phase

diastole

Volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute

cardiac output

what teo factors does cardiac output depend on

heart rate and stroke volume

Beats per minute is also known as

heart rate

amount of blood pumped in a single contraction

stroke volume

the flow of blood ALWAYS stats with _______ regardless if it’s the systemic or pulmonary circuit

arteries

Blood pressure is highest in the ______ and decreases as it moves _______ from the heart

aorta; away

Arteries have lower/higher blood pressure than veins

higher

Describe blood velocity in the body

arteries have high velocity, capillaries have almost no velocity, veins have some velocity

Which vessels have he lagest surface area in the body

capillaries

how many cell layers thick are capillaries

one layer

what do veins have to prevent backflow becausr they have low BP

valves

What do arteries have to handle high BP

elastic layer

layers of an artery

connective tissue, elastic layer, endothelial cells

why are capillaries thin

allows for gas exchange

layers of the vein

endothelium elastic layer smooth muscle connective tissue

____________ around veins pushes blood towards heart

muscle contraction

what condition is caused by a lack of muscle contraction or damaged valves in veins

varicose veins

most of blood is comprised of

plasma

what are rbc removed by after 3-4 months

the liver

what is the name of the structure that maximizes SA in red blood cells

biconcave disk

how many O2 molecules can hemoglobin carry and how many proteins make up hemoglobin?

four and four

What disease is caused by abnormal hemoglobin proteins that form aggregates

sickle cell

What are the three ways material is exchanged through blood and tissues

diffusion, secretion, filtration

occurs with small nonpolar molecule (O2 and CO2, lipid soluble horomones)

diffusion

vessicles in endothelial cells pick up materials by endocytosis and move it across endothelial cell via exocytosis

secretion

clefts btwn endothelial cells allow LIQUIDS and small particles, but NOT PROTEINS to pass through

filtration

Are gapss between endothelial cells larger in the brain or in the liver and kidney?

liver and kidney

What two things does filtration depend on the balance of?

blood pressure and osmotic pressure

during filtration, some fluid is lost to ____________, but it enters the lymphatic system and returns to blood

interstitial fluid

How many and what types of circulatory systems does the human body have?

2; open (lymphatic) and closed (circ.)

What does the lymphatic system function as and what does it circulate

immune system; digested fats absorbed in small intestine

Does the lymphatic system have pressure for flow

NO

How does lymph move back to ducts that enter venous system

one-way valves