Enlightenment, Nationalism, and Revolutions ID Terms

conservatism

commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition to change or innovation

deism

the belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion and then did not interfere of cause miracles in the world

romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual

nationalism

a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture

Mary Wollstonecraft

an English philosophe who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)

Voltaire

a French philosophe famous for his wit and advocacy of civil liberties

Salons

social gatherings of European intellectuals that took place in the homes of the rich and famous

Deists

those who argued that God created the world and then sat back to observe its movements according to natural laws that could be discovered by scientific inquiry

Liberals

those open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values in favor of equality before the law

First Estate

the French clergy, who paid almost no tax

Second Estate

the nobility in France, who paid almost no tax

Third Estate

those burdened with taxation in France; the common people composed of peasants, urban workers, and the bourgeoisie

Bourgeoisie

the middle class

Tennis Court Oath

the Third Estate's call for a constitution limiting the king's power

Bastille

a former prison in Paris that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy

Olympe de Gouges

a French playwright sent to the guillotine under the Reign of Terror, who asserted that women should be given the same political rights as French men

Primogeniture

the right of an eldest son to inherit all his parents' property

Creoles

those of direct European descent who were born in the Americas; educated and on top of the social period in Latin America

Mestizos

those. of European and Native American blood

Peninsulares

colonists born on the Iberian peninsula

Zionism

the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East

John Locke

author of Two Treatises of Government, who argued that citizens had the right to revolt against unjust government and the natural rights of life, liberty, and property

Social Contract

the theory of an agreement in which people gave up some of their rights, including crimes, in exchange for a stable society and protection from a government

Baron Montesquieu

author of The Spirit of Laws, which praised the British government's use of checks on power by means of its Parliament, and influencer of the American system, which practiced a separation of powers

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

writer who expanded upon the idea of a social contract and believed that society could improve

Thomas Paine

a defender of Deism and advocater of liberty from Britain in America

The Age of Reason

Thomas Paine's defense of Deism

separation of powers

the idea praised by Baron Montesquieu, that included three branches of government that provided checks and balances on one another

Declaration of the Rights of Man

a statement declaring natural rights, which was adopted by France in 1789, early in the revolution

Code Napoleon

Napoleon's new law code, in which all citizens were equal, and it provided for trial by jury and freedom of religion

Philosophes

a new group of thinkers of the eighteenth century who explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways that they felt followed rationally upon those of the scientific thinkers of the seventeenth century

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French as Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days

King Louis XVI

Louis XVI was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution; one of the first to be guillotined under the Reign of Terror

Maximilien Robespierre

radical Jacobin leader and one of the principal figures in the French Revolution; dominated the Committee of Public Safety, the principal organ of the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, but in 1794 he was overthrown and executed in the Thermidorian Reaction

Toussaint L'Ouverture

a Haitian general, best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution

Miguel Hidalgo

Benito Juarez

a Mexican president who broke the patterns of military leadership and creole rule, and led a liberal revolt called La Reforma which led to a new constitution for Mexico in 1854

Simon Bolivar

a creole military leader who pushed for Enlightenment ideals in Latin America, and was instrumental in the independence of today's Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru

Giuseppe Garibaldi

leader of the Red Shirts military force in the Kingdom on Naples

Otto von Bismark

a practical politician who used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification

Levee en Masse

mass male conscription into military service levied under the Reign of Terror

Congress of Vienna

the European powers exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba at this meeting

Klemens von Metternich

the conservative prime minister of Austria, who led the Congress of Vienna

Realpolitik

the practical politics of reality, including the use of manipulation to maintain power

Dreyfus Affair

a French Jewish military officer was falsely convicted of treason with anti-Semitism at the core of the accusations; increased the support for Zionism

Socialism

a system of public ownership or direct worker ownership of the means of production

Physiocrats

new economic thinkers during the Enlightenment

The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith's book, which argued for abandoning mercantilism in support of free trade

laissez-faire

Adam Smith's famous phrase which meant that governments should minimize their intervention in the economy; literally French for "leave-alone"

Utopian Socialists

those who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities

Robert Owen

a utopian socialist who established utopian communities at New Landmark in Scotland and New Harmony in the United States, where he insisted on providing some education for child workers

Fabian Society

a socialist group formed in England in the nineteenth century, that favored reforming industrial society by Parliamentary means

Classical Liberalism

the more influential idea which emphasized natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and less spending on standing armies and established churches