Biomedical Gram Staining Exam Prep

What shape does Coccus have

round/sphere

What shape does bacillus have?

rod-shaped

What shape does spirillum have?

spiral/corkscrew

What shape does vibrio have?

comma shaped

gram+ characteristics are?

thick peptidoglycan layer

stains purple

no outer membrane

sensitive to antibiotics like penicillin

what are the gram - characteristics?

thinnpeptidoglycan layer

has an outer membrane

stains pink red

more resistanttoantibiotics cuz of the extra membrane

What is the first step of gram staining?

crystal violet

-primary stain

-stains all bacteria purple

What is the second step of gram staining?

iodine (mordant)

-binds w the crystal violet

-makes the purple bind to the gram + cells

What is the third step of gram staining?

95% alcohol (decolorizer)

-washes out the stain from the gram cells

-cuz of their thin walls

What is the fourth step of gram staining?

safranin

-stains the now colorless gram cells pink red

-without it the gram cells would become invisible

What is bacteriophage?

virus that infects and destroys bacteria

Where do you find Prokaryotes?

everywhere

What is the purpose of the prokaryotic cell wall?

provides structure protection and helps the cell not burst from the water pressure

In which lens is oil used in

100x lens or the oil immersion lense

What percentage is needed for Herd immunity

it depends on how contagious the disease is

ex: measles = 95% or covid-19: 70% to 85%

what triggers the secondary B cell response?

when they recognize and bind to the same antigen that the body was previously exposed to, the response becomes faster and stronger

Which cell initiates the secondary immune response?

Memory B cells and Memory T cells

What do Memory B cells do?

make antibodies quickly

What do memory T cells do?

they help activate B cells and kill infected cells

What do antibodies do?

mark invaders so other cells can target and destroy them

neutralize toxins or viruses directly

put invaders together so phagocytes can eat them

What is in a vaccine?

weakened virus

dead inactivated virus

pieces of the virus

Main signs of the inflammatory response

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?

causes blood vessels to widen so more immune cells proteins can go to the site

Goal to isolate the infection and start the healing process

Examples of innate immune responses?

skin, mucus, tears, stomach acid, and inflammation

Which cells “eat” foreign invaders?

Phagocytes

What do Phagocytes do?

they engulf and digest pathogens or debris

the vacuum cleaners of the body

What type of immunity is Mucus

inate immunity

What is the body’s first line of defense?

skins mucus, tears, and salvia

What are the reactions of Hypertonic Tonicity?

Solute Outside: High

Water moves: Out

Cell Reaction: Shrinks

What are the reactions of a hypotonic tonicity

Solute Outside: low

Water moves: in

Cell Reaction: swells/ bursts

What are the reactions of a isotonic tonicity

Solute Outside: equal

Water moves: in and out

Cell Reaction: stays the same