AP WORLD UNIT 5

revolutions

Peace of Augsburg

1555, whose realm whose religion

Ivan the Great

refused to pay tribute to the Mongols, lead Moscow to victory against them and claimed rule to all Russians.

Peter the Great

crowned tsar in 1682, sneaks into Europe and brings new technologies back to Russia, wants to make Russia more European then Asian.

The Enlightenment

• Started in 1715, after the scientific revolution

• Basic premises was the superiority of reason,

absolutism

state of government during this time period consisting of kings and complete rulers. This type of ruling was questioned during this time.

Basic Principles of the Enlightenment

• Humans behave based on natural law based on reason

• Humans are naturally good and can be educated to do better

• People who rely on faith or refuse to tolerante diversity were wrong

• Society’s goals should center on improvements in material and social life

Coffee Houses

where philosophes would discuss, “stimulated” the discussion of rules throughout Europe

Thomas Hobbes

• State of nature is constant war and fear, people are natually cruel

• Gov’t was neccessary and protects people from themselves

• Beleived in social contract- exchange of your freedoms for an organized, safe society

John Locke

• Natural rights; life liberty and property, people are naturally good

• Gov’ts purpose was to protect our natural rights, should have limited power

• If gov’t breaks social contract, people have right to replace government

Jean Rousseau

• Social contract between ruler and ruled

• Gov’t goal was to bring people harmony

• Majority rules, people are naturally good

Baron de Montesquieu

• Power must not be absolute, should be divided

• Branches of government; executive, judicial, legislative

• Checks and balances

Voltaire

• Most known for advocating for freedom of speech

• Speech was the best weapon against a bad government

Mary Wollstonecraft

• Womens rights, women are equal to men

• Women appear inferior due to a lack of education.

Purposes of government

• Maintain order

• Manage conflict

• Establish justice

• Manage resources

• Provide services

• Provide national security

Powers of Government

• Taxes- most types of governments collect taxes from citizens for services

  • Pays for schools, military, etc 

• Leadership- there is usually an individual or a group of people in charge

• Laws- all governments have some form of rules or laws

• Military/Police- most gov’ts are in charge of forming and maintaining defense forces (army)

radical

change the old ways, extreme liberal

reactionary

go back to the past, extreme conservative

salutary neglect

the British loosening up on controlling the American colonies trade policies and laws during the 17-18th century

Boston Massacre

colonists killed 5 British soldiers

Boston Tea Party

colonists dumped crates of British tea into the Boston Harbor

First Continental Congress

met in Philadelphia, made a list of grievances to reconcile with the British

Second Continental Congress

named George Washington leader of the army, Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.

Treaty of Paris

England grants America its freedom

First Estate

clergy/church

• Wealth and privilege

• Ran schools and hospitals

• Lots of land

• Paid no taxes

Second Estate

• nobles

  • Jobs in government, army, and courts

  • Lots of land

  • Paid no taxes

Third Estate

• everyone else

  • 98% of the population

  • 3 groups; bourgeois, sans culottes, rural peasants

  • Paid all the taxes 

Causes of the French Revolution

• debt

• famine

• poor leadership

Cause of French Revolution: Debt

• france had this from;

  • the seven years war

  • helping colonists in the American Revolution

  • lavish government spending

  • many thought upper estates should pay taxes

Cause of French Revolution: famine

• bad harvests

• food prices rose

• bread riots break out, people steal and fight for food

  • fire, arson, and murder occur

Cause of French Revolution: Poor Leadership

• Louis would ignore duties and often go hunting instead

• no confidence in the government

Estates General

meeting of representatives from each of estate to work out conflicts within France

National Assembly

formed by third estate members after being kicked out of the estates general for suggesting other estates should pay taxes

Tennis court oath

national assembly vowed not to disband until a new constitution is made for France

Storming of Bastille

• 800 Parisans attacked the Bastille in search of weapons

• goal was to destroy the symbol of oppression, the Bastille

  • they did this by tearing it apart brick by brick

• cut the person who was head of the Batille’s head off and paraded around town with it

Bastille

medieval fortress that was used as a prison

Declaration of the rights of man and citizens

• written by the national assembly

• declared all men were equal

• freedom of speech, press, and religion

Constitution of 1791

• constitutional monarch

• set up legislative assembly

• equal rights, everyone pays for taxes

National Convention

• did away with the monarchy

• se up a repulic

• granted the right to vote for all men

• Jacobins was determined to crush any resistance to the new nation

Jacobins

radical political group during the French Revolution that advocated for a republic, led by Maximilian Robespierre and Jean Paul Marat

Committee of public safety

• led by Maximilian Robespierre

• organized reigns of terror

• to limit foreign influence on Revolution, they attacked them first.

• leve en masse

• Goal was to spread liberty and independence throughout europe

  • end of feudal obligations

  • rejection of religion

  • universal education

  • price controls

Reign of Terror

• goal was to get rid of traitors of the revolution

• 17,000 people got executed

• to stop this, a new constitution was written

The Directory

the new government made after the reign of terror

• continued France’s ongoing wars

Cult of the Supreme being

• religion enforced by the committee of public safety

• recognized the existence of a supreme being, and the immortality of the soul but the importance of reason

• service to the state is more important than blind worship

Napolean

• Comes in and “tames” french revolution

  • Dictator takes over governmet

  • Brings back slavery

  • New France appears, but the revolution isnt over

Napoleon Reforms

• Regulated economy

• New industries

• Roads and canals

• Public schools under gov’t control

• Tax collection fairer

• Removed dishonest government officials

Napoleonic Code

• New laws based off of enlightenment ideas

• Equality for all citizens

• Religious tolerance

• Advancement based on merit

Napoleonic Wars

• Main goals:

  • Take over the world

  • Expand french empire

  • takes over Spain

• GB and Spain stand against France

• He creates a huge empire

  • Ends feudalism

1812 Invasion of Russia

• Goes as far as moscow

• Entered russia with 400,000, left with 40,000

• Russia, GB, Prussia, and Austria join forces

Napolean eventually forced to exile to isle of Elba

Dictator

a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force

constitutional monoarchy

the king’s power was limited, shifting absolute rule to a system with legislative, judicial, and executive branches

Grands Blancs

wealthy, white, large plantation owners, the wealthy elite of Haiti.

Petits Blancs

largely established in Haiti due only due to them being white.

Gens de Couluers

free colored people in Haiti.

Gens de Couleur Revolt

1790

• Inspired by enlightenment ideas of the French revolution

• Vincent Oge travels to france and gains rights for free blacks

• When he returns to Haiti, he is killed by whites

• To keep the peace, france gives all ruling power of Haiti to the whites.

Slave Revolt

• 1791

• While whites and gens de couleur fought for powers, slaves began escaping form plantations

• Escaped slaves called maroons hid in the mountains and forests

• They began attacking plantations using guerrilla warfare (hit and run) attacks

• They needed a true leader. 

Toussant L’ouverture

• Former slave who became leader of the slave rebellion (1793-1799)

• his slave army attacks the Gens de Couleur and takes over the colony

• Successfully fought the French army and repels invasion by Spanish and British

• he eventually becomes dictator of Haiti

• ends up bringing back plantation system

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

• Continues the slave rebellion and fighting against france after Toussaint dies

• Causes french to flee haiti and re-establish slavery on a nearby island called st. martinique

• Declares St. Dominique independent from france in 1804 and renames it Haiti.

Haciendados

Dominated political influence in a rigidly stratified society in South America. Consisted of penninsulares and creoles

Penninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain had the most political power

Creoles

persons of pure Spanish ancestry born in South America, had much wealth but less political power.

Mestizos

most of the population, mixed Spanish and Indian descent

South American social class system

Haciendados, (penninsulares, creoles), mestizos, African slaves, native Americans.

Junta

• 1810

• the town council of Caracas remove the spanish governor and creates this group dictatorship

• passed radical legislature

  • abolished taxes on food

  • lifted trade restriction- pleased haciendado elites

Simon Bolivar

• known as the “liberator”

• led revolutions throughout south america

Battle of Corabobo

• spanish forces were finally defeated

• Bolivar freed Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, and Panama

Gran Columbia

• republic created by Simon Bolivar after battle of Corabobo

• includes the 4 countries he freed from Spain;

  • Venezuela

  • Columbia

  • Ecuador

  • Panama

Elements of Nationalism

• culture

• history

• religion

• language

• territory

Nationalism

devotion to one’s national group; identification with one's own nation and support for its interested, especially to the detriment of the interests of other nations

Types of Nationalist Movements

• unification

• separation

• state building

Type of Nationalist Movement: Unification

• merging of politically divided but culturally similar lands

  • ex: 19th century Germany and Italy

Types of Nationalist Movement: Separation

• culturally distinct groups resist being added to a state or tries to break away

  • ex: greeks in the ottoman empire

Type of Nationalist Movement: State Building

• culturally distinct groups forma new state by accepting a single culture

  • ex: united states

Positive Results of Nationalism

• Overcome differences

• overthrow of colonial rule

• Democratic governments

• Competitions among nations spark advances

Negative results of nationalism

• Forced assimilation of minorities

• Ethnic cleansing

• Extreme nationalistic movements

• Competitions between nations leading to war

Young Italy

The Northern Italian movement started by Mazzini

• Spreads nationalism to the youth of Italy

• Their revolts keep getting quelled by the government

Red Shirts

 Garibaldi leads revolutionaries in southern Italy without great success until he joins forces eith Mazzini’s youth movement

• By July 1860, using guerilla warfare, Garbaldi and his army  gained control of the island of Sicily

• September, the troops conquered Naples

• they nowcontrollef southern part of Italian penninsula

• Garbaldi offered Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to Sardinan king Victor Emmanaul

Italian challenges after Unification

• Social, economic problems

• Poverty leading to immigration

• Reforms on voting

Napoleon in Germany

• Napoleon united these states into a confederation, which nurtured nationalism

• lead to the Congress of Vienna naming the 39 separate states the German Confederation

Otto von Bismark

Conservative politician, leading force behind German unification

• Not liberal like revolutionaries

• Conservative, supported the King of Prussia

• Believed Prussia was destined to lead the Germans to unification

• Practiced realpolitik, politics based on the interests of Prussia

German unity won by “blood and iron” --- war

North German Confederation

Prussia wins the war against Austria and gains territory

• Causes a boost in nationalism in small German states

Bismarck later defeated France, which led to even more nationalism

• Led to the last German states finally unifying

Consequences of German Unification

• Wilhelm I, was crowned the first Kaiser of the German Empire

• France was no longer as powerful

• Germany grew economically, new empire was in power