AP WORLD UNIT 5

revolutions

Peace of Augsburg

1555, whose realm whose religion

Ivan the Great

refused to pay tribute to the Mongols, lead Moscow to victory against them and claimed rule to all Russians.

Peter the Great

crowned tsar in 1682, sneaks into Europe and brings new technologies back to Russia, wants to make Russia more European then Asian.

The Enlightenment

• Started in 1715, after the scientific revolution

• Basic premises was the superiority of reason,

absolutism

state of government during this time period consisting of kings and complete rulers. This type of ruling was questioned during this time.

Basic Principles of the Enlightenment

• Humans behave based on natural law based on reason

• Humans are naturally good and can be educated to do better

• People who rely on faith or refuse to tolerante diversity were wrong

• Society’s goals should center on improvements in material and social life

Coffee Houses

where philosophes would discuss, “stimulated” the discussion of rules throughout Europe

Thomas Hobbes

• State of nature is constant war and fear, people are natually cruel

• Gov’t was neccessary and protects people from themselves

• Beleived in social contract- exchange of your freedoms for an organized, safe society

John Locke

• Natural rights; life liberty and property, people are naturally good

• Gov’ts purpose was to protect our natural rights, should have limited power

• If gov’t breaks social contract, people have right to replace government

Jean Rousseau

• Social contract between ruler and ruled

• Gov’t goal was to bring people harmony

• Majority rules, people are naturally good

Baron de Montesquieu

• Power must not be absolute, should be divided

• Branches of government; executive, judicial, legislative

• Checks and balances

Voltaire

• Most known for advocating for freedom of speech

• Speech was the best weapon against a bad government

Mary Wallstoneras

• Womens rights, women are equal to men

• Women appear inferior due to a lack of education.

Purposes of government

• Maintain order

• Manage conflict

• Establish justice

• Manage resources

• Provide services

• Provide national security

Powers of the Government

• Taxes- most types of governments collect taxes from citizens for services

  • Pays for schools, military, etc 

• Leadership- there is usually an individual or a group of people in charge

• Laws- all governments have some form of rules or laws

• Military/Police- most gov’ts are in charge of forming and maintaining defense forces (army)

political view: radical

change the old ways, extreme liberal

political view: reactionary

go back to the past, extreme conservative

salutary neglect

the British loosening up on controlling the American colonies trade policies and laws during the 17-18th century

Boston Massacre

colonists killed 5 British soldiers

Boston Tea Party

colonists dumped crates of British tea into the Boston Harbor

First Continental Congress

met in Philadelphia, made a list of grievances to reconcile with the British

Second Continental Congress

named George Washington leader of the army, Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.

Treaty of Paris

England grants America its freedom

First Estate

clergy/church

• Wealth and privilege

• Ran schools and hospitals

• Lots of land

• Paid no taxes

Second Estate

• nobles

  • Jobs in government, army, and courts

  • Lots of land

  • Paid no taxes

Third Estate

• everyone else

  • 98% of the population

  • 3 groups; bourgeois, sans culottes, rural peasants

  • Paid all the taxes