Clinical Neuroanatomy - EXAM ONE

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

components of brain

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

peripheral nervous system

cranial and spinal nerves

function of somatic nervous system

controls voluntary movement through sensory and motor signals

function of autonomic (visceral) nervous system

controls involuntary movement like smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels

horizontal plane

splits brain into top and bottom parts

sagittal plane

splits brain into left and right parts

coronal plane

splits brain into front and back parts (slice down a headband)

ventral, anterior

on the front/belly side

dorsal, posterior

on the back side

superior, cranial

on the top/skull side)

inferior

on the lower side

caudal

lowermost position (tail end)

rostral

forward side (nose end)

medial

toward the middle

median

in the exact middle

lateral

toward the side (away from middle)

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

proximal

towards the center/midline of body

distal

towards the periphery

telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)

cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus

forebrain

telencephalon, diencephalon

encephalon (synonym)

brain

components of encephalon

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

mesencephalon

midbrain

hindbrain

metencephalon, myelencephalon (medulla)

divisons of autonomic ganglia and nerves

sympathetic and parasympathetic

prosencephalon

forebrain

rhombencephalon

hindbrain

gyrus (pl. gyri)

ridges/raised portions of brain surface

sulcus (pl. sulci)

furrows/valleys of brain surface

how many layers of neurons are in the mammalian cortex?

6

how many layers of neurons are in an allocortex?

3

gray matter

accumulated cell bodies in brain and spinal cord

white matter

myelinated axons

function of ventricular system

produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) throughout the CNS

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

- medium for exchange of nutrients and wastes
- shock absorber

postcentral gyrus

primary somatosensory cortex

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex

occipital lobe

visual cortex

temporal lobe

auditory cortex (lateral side), memory (medial)

cingulate gyrus

emotions, behavioral regulation

corpus callosum

connects left and right hemispheres, white matter (highly myelinated)

locations of gray and white matter in brain

gray matter towards surface, white matter deep in brain

cytoarchitectionics

study of the local composition, arrangement, and connections of neurons, revealed through histological staining

silver nitrate

labels few neurons, but labels the entirety of the neuron

nissl stain

labels the nuclei of all cells

components of cerebellum

vermis, anterior lobe, posterior lobe

functional divisions of cerebellum

spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum

vermis

latin for worm, separates cerebellum into 2 lateral lobes

spinocerebellum

- includes vermis and anterior lobe of cerebellum
- receives sensory info. about current spatial location of body
- anticipates subsequent movement
- control of muscle tone/coordination

ataxia

- poor muscle control, clumsy, uncoordinated
- results from damage to spinocerebellum

cerebrocerebellum

- interconnected with cerebral cortex
- motor planning, learning and memory
- helps with planning complex movements

decomposition of movement

- movements appear disjointed, not smooth
- results from damage to cerebrocerebellum

vestibulocerebellum

- composed of nodulus and flocculus
- connected to vestibular nuclei of brainstem
- balance, postural adjustments, coordination of eye movements

gaze deficit

- unsteady gaze (eyes do not track in unison)
- results from damage to vestibulocerebellum

nucleus (not in a cell)

group of neurons

emotional (sympathetic) functions of midbrain

- periaqueductal gray (freeze response)
- dorsal raphe nucleus (serotonin)
- ventral tegmental area (dopamine)

emotional (sympathetic) functions of pons

- nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (startle response)
- parabrachial nucleus (increased breathing rate)
- locus coeruleus (norepinephrine)

emotional (sympathetic) functions of medulla oblongata

* dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve (increased heart rate)

choroid plexus

- membrane that produces CSF
- lines some parts of cerebral ventricles

foramina of Luschka and Magendie

allow CSF to exit ventricular system

central gray

- gray matter
- center of spinal cord
- contains neuron cell bodies

fasciculi

- fiber bundles of connections between CNS neurons in spine
- white matter

funiculi

* columns
* clumps of white matter bundles in spinal cord

fasciculus cuneatus

- more lateral
- sensory signals from upper body

fasciculus gracilis

- more medial
- sensory signals from lower body

to decussate

to cross over to the opposite side

expressive aphasia

- difficulty producing speech
- caused by damage to Broca's area

receptive aphasia

- difficulty understanding speech
- caused by damage to Wernicke's area

localization of function

- certain areas of the brain are MORE responsible for certain actions than others
- not the ONLY area activated, but instead where we see PEAK activation

components of brain stem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

layers of the meninges

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

dermatome

areas of skin that rely on specific areas of the spinal cord

afferent

toward the CNS

efferent

away from the CNS

number of pairs of cranial nerves

12

number of sensory pathways (cranial nerves)

3

number of motor pathways (cranial nerves)

5

number of sensory AND motor pathways (cranial nerves)

4

sensory cranial nerves

olfactory (i), optic (ii), vestibulocochlear (viii)

motor cranial nerves

oculomotor (iii), trochlear (iv), abducens (vi), spinal accessory (xi), hypoglossal (xii)

sensory AND motor cranial nerves

trigeminal (v), facial (vii), glossopharyngeal (ix), vagus (x)

dorsal root ganglion

carries sensory information from body to spine

ventral root ganglion

carries motor information from spine to muscles

two major divisions of autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic

preganglionic neurons

run from CNS to autonomic ganglia

postganglionic neurons

run from autonomic ganglia out to body

the somatic nervous system consists of…

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

the function of the somatic nervous system is…

voluntary control

ganglia

clusters of nerve cells found throughout the body

nerve

bundle of axons

distinction between nerves and individual axons

the former can be afferent and efferent, the latter can only be one or the other

number of nerve pairs originating in spinal cord

31

number of cervical nerves

8

number of thoracic nerves

12

number of lumbar nerves

5