Honors Biomedical Sciences Test 2: Day 2

hydrophilic

-water loving

-examples are steroids and waxes

amino acids

-building block of proteins

-all have
>carboxyl group
>amine group
>central carbon

sucrose

-disaccharide
-table sugar
-glucose + fructose

fats

-lipid
-solid at room temperature
-examples are lard/butter which come from animals

lactose

-disaccharide
-milk
-glucose + galactose

types of lipids

1. tryglyceride
-fats (solid)
-oils (liquid)

2. steroids

3. waxes

O + H

hydroxyl group

simple/one sugar

monosaccharide

Hydrophobic

-water fearing

-examples are fats and oils

triglyceride

-glycerol + 3 fatty acids

-take out water to bond

same chemical formula, different structural formula

isomers

blood sugar

glucose

double/two sugars

disaccharide

liquid lipid

oil

milk sugar

galactose and lactose

maltose

-disaccharide
-beer
-glucose + glucose

proteins

-contains C, H, O, N (only thing with nitrogen)
-examples are steak and chicken
-amino acids are building block of proteins

structure:
-no ring/long chain
-has N's
-many different structures
-fold in on each other

what sugar gives us

energy

how we store sugar

glycogen

fruit sugar

fructose

C double bonded to O

carbonyl group

C double bonded to O and OH

carboxyl group

waxes

-repel water
-examples are earwax and beeswax

peptide bonds

-combines amino acids
-take out -OH from carboxyl group and one H from amine group

enzymes

-doesn't change
-very specific
-speeds up chemical reactions

reaction combining sugars

dehydration synthesis

N + 2 H's

amine group

cellulose

-undigestable food
-example is corn

polysaccharides

-many/complex sugars
-

examples of ways carbon can be found

-single bond
-double bond
-triple bond
-carbon ring
-hydrocarbon chain

Carbon is very versatile

functional groups

1. hydroxyl group
-OH

2. carboxyl group
carbon double bonded to O, single bonded to OH

3. amine group
a nitrogen w/ two hydrogens (2 single bonds)

What do carbohydrates do?

provide energy through sugar

what do structural formulas do

show bonds

what do molecular formulas do

show atoms and elements

molecular formula for monosaccharides

C6H12O6

what to take out from disaccharides when bonding

H2O aka water

molecular formular for disaccharides

C12H22O11

fiber

-nice poop logs
-makes feel full

proof of evolution

-cows have appendix w/ a function
-no longer has function for humans
-known as vestigal organ
-another example is tailbone

molecular formula for polysaccharides

CH2O

examples of polysaccharides

-starch
>100's of glucose molecules
>rice, potatoes, pasta

-cellulose

-glycogen
>storage of sugar in liver

why is peanut butter and jelly sandwich good for a game

1. Jelly
-monosaccharide
-energy for beginning of game

2. bread
-disaccharide/polysaccharide
-energy for middle of game

3. butter
-lipid
-energy for end of game

4. peanut
-protein
-rebuild muscle

fatty acids

-carboxyl group + hydrocarbon chain

cell membrane

lipoprotein bilayer

hydrogenated

-adding a hydrogen to a fat making it spread easily
-example is margarine (like butter)

oils

-lipid
-liquid at room temperature
-examples are olive oil/peanut oil which come from plants

polyunsaturated

multiple double bonds

steroids

-cholestrol is a natural example
-negative feedback
-builds up and causes blood pressure to rise

negative feedback

hormone level decreases and glands release hormones

lipids vs polysaccharides

lipids
>higher ratio of carbon to oxygen
>have double bonds
>have carbon chains

polysaccharide
>have carbon rings

Where do oils come from?

plants

Where do fats come from

Animals

How to bond triglyceride

Take out water

Ratio of H to O in polysaccharides

2:1

What do all amino acids have?

-carboxyl group
-amine group
-central carbon

Protein structure

-no ring/long chain
-has N's
-many different structures
-fold in on each other