Human Anatomy Cardiology

Five functions of blood

transport, regulation, coagulation, immunity, temp stabilization

4 things that make up blood

plasma, red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets

plasma

straw colored; made of albium, globulin, and fibrinogen;

plasma proteins- albium

transports lipids

plasma proteins- globulin

antibodies

plasma proteins- fibrinogen

aids platelets to clot

transports oxygen from lungs to body cells; two types are erythrocytes and leukocytes

blood cells

type of blood cell- biconcavity allows easy movement through capillaries;

erythrocytes

type of blood cell- circulates throughout body to fight infection; larger than erythrocytes and have a nucleus

leukocytes

Protein that binds to oxygen to cause color

hemoglobin

Response of blood cells- inflammation asap; throwing everything at infection; might not work

nonspecific

Response of blood cells- B and T cells flags pathogen to be destroyed once it enters bloodstream

specific

Aids in blood clotting; lacks nuclear; smaller than red blood cells

platelets

Brown, flat abdominal organ that:

1). removes and recycles old red blood cells

2). holds reserve of blood to send in emergency

3). produces antibodies

4). filters bacteria and viruses

spleen

Proteins that attach to and disable bacteria and viruses

antibodies

Contains large numbers of leukocytes; help filter bacteria, viruses, foreign particles, and cancer cells

lymph nodes

Location of lymph nodes

cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, mediastinal, supratrochlear, mesentrio, inguinal, femoral, popliteal

Lymph nodes- cervical

neck

Lymph nodes- supraclavicular

collarbone

Lymph nodes- axillary

under arms

Lymph nodes- mediastinal

midline of torso

Lymph nodes- supratrochlear

inside of arm and elbow

Lymph nodes- mesentrio

sides of hips

Lymph nodes- inguinal

lower pelvis

Lymph nodes- femoral

thigh

Lymph nodes- popliteal

knees

Where does erythrocyte production occur

bone marrow

Hematopoiesis response when O2 decreases

kidney releases erythropoietin hormone, blood marrow releases more RBC

Hematopoiesis response when O2 increases

kidneys stop producing erythropoietin hormon, RBC production stops

Proteins that cover surface of each RBC; used to determine self v. foreign cells

antigens

What antigens determine blood type?

A, B, O

If Reese’s antigen (Rh) is present, blood type is ________

positive

If Reese’s antigen (Rh) is not present, blood type is _________

negative

Universal recipient of blood

AB+

Universal donor

O-

Test that determines blood type; antibodies added to sample of A, B, and O antigen blood; clumping indicates positive response

agglutination test

T/F- clumping on agglutination test means positive response

true

T/F- for a transfusion, a patient receive blood with same antigens or fewer

true

What blood can AB- receive

O-, B-, A-, AB-

What blood can A+ receive

O-, O+, A-, A+

What blood can A- receive

O-, A-

What blood can B+ receive

O-, O+, B-, B+

What blood can B- receive

O-, B-

What blood can O+ receive

O-, O+

What blood can O- receive

O-

Lack of RBC and/or hemoglobin; caused by:

1). deficiency in B-complex vitamins

2). lack of iron intake

3). misshapen erythrocytes (sickle cell)

anemia

Three causes of anemia

deficiency in B complex vitamins, lack of iron intake, misshapen RBC

What do they drop blood in to test for anemia

copper sulfate

Form of cancer that causes overproduction and release of immature white blood cells

leukemia

Three things that leukemia decreases

immunity, oxygen transport, clotting

Circuit that carries blood between lungs and heart

pulmonary

Circuit that carries blood between heart and rest of body

systemic

What side is the pulmonary circuit on the heart

right

What side is the systemic circuit on the heart

left

Carries blood from the left ventricle to all parts of body

aorta

Carries blood from upper body back to heart

superior vena cava

Small chamber that pumps blood to the right ventricle

right atrium

Prevents backflow from the pulmonary arteries back into the ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve

Prevents back from the right ventricles back into right atrium

tricuspid valve

Thinner muscular chamber that pumps blood to the lungs

right ventricle

Carries blood from lower body back to heart

inferior vena cava

Carries blood from heart to lungs

pulmonary artery

Carries blood from the left lung back to the heart (left atrium)

left pulmonary veins

Small chamber that pumps blood to the left ventricle

left atrium

Prevents backflow from left ventricles back into the left atrium

bicuspid valve

Prevents backflow from aorta back into the ventricle

aortic semilunar valve

Thick muscular chamber that pumps blood to all parts of the body

left ventricle

Carries blood from the aortic arch down to the lower body

descending aorta

What circuit carries blood between lungs and heart

pulmonary

What side is the pulmonary circuit on

right

What circuit carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body

systemic

What side is the systemic circuit on

left

Four heart valves

tricuspid, mitral, aortic, pulmonary

Location of triscupid valve

right atrium and ventricle

Location of mitral valve

left atrium and ventricle

Location of aortic valve

aorta and left ventricle

Location of pulmonary valve

right ventricle and lungs

“Heart strings;” keep valves from prolapse; attached to papillary muscles

chordae tendineae

What happens when blood flows backwards through one of the heart valves

heart murmur

Deoxygenated blood collected here in right atrium; the reason why we have coronary arteries but not coronary veins

coronary sinus

Heart beating irregularly due to failure of electrical system

fibrillation

What is used to reset a heart after fibrillation

defibrillators

T/F- heart can only contract in a regular pattern with input from brain

false

Permanent device attached to heart to input electrical impulses

pacemaker

Part of heart that originates electrical impulse; travels across atria and causes them to contract

sinoatrial node

Part of heart that receives electrical impulse and passes it through 2 bundle branches

atrioventricular node

Part of heart that carries contraction to heart’s apex; causes right and left ventricles to contract

purkinje fibers

Measures electrical impulses of heart; aka ECG or EKG

electrocardiogram

Wave of EKG- atria depolarizes and contracts

p wave

Wave of EKG- ventricles depolarize and contract

qrs wave

Wave of EKG- ventricles repolarize, relax, and reset

t wave

_____ rhythm- normal, 60-100 bpm

sinus

_____ rhythm- slow,

bradycardia

_____ rhythm- fast, >100 bpm

tachycardia

Blockage in one of the coronary arteries from plaques; disrupts oxygenated blood to heart

heart attack

Transplants vein from another part of body onto heart; usual from leg; reroutes around blockage

coronary bypass

Inflation of balloon in a vessel; pushes blockage against wall; usually paired with stent

angioplasty

Holds vessel open with mesh; inserted starting at an arm/leg vein; usually paired with angioplasty

Blood vessels constrict

vasoconstriction

Blood vessels relax and dilate

vasodilation