Volcanology Exam Prep

Flashcards generated from Volcanology lecture notes.

What is the key hazard associated with submarine volcanism, as exemplified by the 2019 pumice raft forming eruption of Volcano-F?

Disruptions to aviation, navigation, and coastal infrastructure due to ash clouds, changes in seafloor topography, and pumice rafts.

What critical geochemical evidence can small volcanic eruptions, like that of Volcano F (2019), provide?

Information about the plumbing system and evolution of the volcano, revealing insights into its potential to trigger more explosive eruptions.

What are the main gaps in knowledge for submarine volcanism?

Underreporting or unobserved submarine volcanoes, impacting the safety and preparedness of coastal communities reliant on the ocean biosphere.

What hazard did the 2022 Hunga Volcano eruption present by increasing global stratospheric water levels by 10%?

Triggered a stratospheric cooling of 4°C in 2022.

What kind of ground deformation is not the expected subsidence that is naturally occurring?

Unusual ground deformation.

What does VT seismicity in Campi Flegrei suggest?

Unrest is a kind of ground motion, away from expected subsidence that is naturally occurring.

What does gradual and progressive failure breaking small fractures in Campi Flegrei allow?

CO2 spikes.

According to Hickey et al. (2022), what type of volcano is Soufriere Hills?

Andesite dome building volcano

What are potential causes of ground deformation at Soufriere Hills?

New magma, second boiling, tectonics, or hydrothermal activity; viscoelastic deformation

According to Kilburn et al. (2023), what is the largest active caldera in Europe?

Campi Flegrei

According to Carn et al., what is one reason loading of SO2 was lower in the submarine Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption, compared to a subaerial eruption?

Hydrothermal scrubbing or S-depleted magma.

What type of signals will numerical modeling and statistical models help to make better?

Precursory signals

Before we had __ that measured atmospheric so2, we had a very poor record of eruptions.

Satellites

What is one negative impact that volcanic eruptions can have on the environment?

Acid rain contaminates soil and reduces the growth of crops.

What is one problem with using fluid inclusions to measure dissolved H2O?

Could only be used in rapidly quenched tephra deposits.

What is now a satellite called that is the main tool used to measure SO2?

TROPMI

What are some instruments used to monitor the oceans for unrest?

Hydroacoustic monitors can detect any impulses in the oceans.
Stretching in optical fibres.
Ocean bottom seismometers.

What eruption was referred to as the 'Year without a summer'?

Tambora (1815)

VT seismicity in Campi Flegrei began again in what year?

2005

According to Galetto et al., 2022. why aren't surface deformation great indicators of eruption?

Actual eruption can occur long after deformation.

In 2020, the crust at Campi Flegrei enters what regieme of deformation?

An inelastic regime of deformation.

According to Crozier et al. (2023), what type of collapse caused the pressurization to create the 2018 Kilauea eruption?

Caldera collapse.

What does a curved trend indicate when viewing seismic events as a proxy for strain accumulating?

Quasi elastic.

The 2019 eruption of Volcano – F (Volcano 0403-091) was identified by what?

Pumice raft.

Before the deadly 2019 eruption, for how long had VAL 2 been in place at Whakaari?

A really long time.