Alkanes
Alkene
Alkynes
aromatic ring
Alcohol
Amine
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic Acid
Ester
Ether
benzene
Phenol
Amide
thiol
carbonyl
Thioester
meth-
1 group
eth-
2 groups
hept-
7 groups
oct-
8 groups
non-
9 groups
Carboxylic Acid
naming alkenes + alkynes
find longest chain (parent chain) that includes double/triple bond *make sure to count carbons on both sides! LOWEST NUMBER!)
name branches and list by alphabetical order
indicate which carbon starts the double/triple bond
end w/ parent root + -ene OR -yne
FOR AKLENES ONLY: MAKE SURE TO INDICATE IF STRUCTURE IS CIS OR TRANS
(example would be trans-4,4-dimethyl-2-heptene)
naming cycloaklanes with branches
count the carbons in the ring (lowest number to branches)
list branches in alphabetical order
branches + cyclo-parent name-ane
(example would be 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane)
meth-
1 group
oct-
8 groups
naming phenols
the carbon attached to the OH will always be the first carbon!
lowest numbers for branches
branches + phenol
(example would be 2-ethyl-3-methylphenol)
naming amines
name branching groups add prefixes if needed
alphabetize!
end with -amine
(example would be dimethylamine)
naming aldehydes
carbon attached to aldehyde group will be the first carbon!!
name branches and alphabetize them
branches + root-anal
(example would be 4-methylpentanal)
naming ketones
find longest carbon chain, lowest number for carbon double bonded to oxygen
branches + root-anone
(example would be 1,2-dimethylbutanone)
naming carboxylic acids
5 groups
hex-
6 groups
hept-
7 groups
Ester
Ether
naming alcohols + thiols
number parent chain w/ the lowest number for OH/SH
name branches and number where the OH/SH is
branches + root-anol OR branches + root-thiol
(example is 5-methyl-3-hexanol)
dec-
10 groups
naming alkanes
find longest chain (parent chain) w/ lowest number to first branch
name branches
list branches by alphabetical order
end w/ parent root + -ane
(example would be 3-methyl-pentane)
naming alkenes + alkynes
carboxylic acid
naming cycloaklanes with branches
count the carbons in the ring (lowest number to branches)
list branches in alphabetical order
branches + cyclo-parent name-ane
(example would be 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane)
naming aromatic rings
ketone
true or false: tertiary alcohols can be oxidized
false
reduction of aldehydes and ketones
draw hydrogen on adjacent carbon
add hydrogen to both oxygen and carbon
aldehydes/ketones + H/NADH (red) =
alcohol
catalytic hydrogenation
3 groups
but-
4 groups
pent-
5 groups
hex-
6 groups
hept-
7 groups
oct-
8 groups
h+ is also known as…
a catalyst
ester + h20
carboxylic acid + alcohol
naming aldehydes
carbon attached to aldehyde group will be the first carbon!!
name branches and alphabetize them
branches + root-anal
(example would be 4-methylpentanal)
naming ketones
find longest carbon chain, lowest number for carbon double bonded to oxygen
branches + root-anone
(example would be 1,2-dimethylbutanone)
naming carboxylic acids
carbon attached to aldehyde group will be the first carbon!!
name branches and alphabetize them
branches + root-anoic acid
put space in between root-anoic and acid!
oxidation of alcohols
draw hydrogens in adjacent carbon
first oxidation: remove hydrogen from carbon and oxygen
second oxidation: add OH to carbon
secondary alcohols + [O]/NAD+ (ox) =
ketone
benzene
oct-
8 groups
amide + h20
carboxylate + ammonium atom (NH3+ and R)
alcohol + cat/H+/heat/delta
alkene + h2o
-for more substituted carbons, remove H from them
alkene + h2o/catalyst/h+
alcohol
structural isomers
same formula, different connectivity
-must have at least 4 carbons
-have different physical properties
increase intermolecular forces?
increase melting and boiling point
intermolecular forces and surface area
more branches DECREASE surface area which will DECREASE boiling point
geometric isomers
same formula, same connectivity, different 3D shape (alkenes)
cis
hydrogens are on the same side of double bond
naming esters
regions are separated between two oxygens!
name branch bonded to oxygen
number carbon chain doubled bonded to other oxygen
branch bonded to oxygen (space) branches + root-anoate
naming amides
count carbons in parent chain w C=O bond and name branches
name branches bonded to nitrogen
alphabetize!
branches + root-anamide
oxidation
increase in oxygen, decrease in hydrogen
the more carbon groups…
the more nonpolar the chemical is
hci
add hydrogen to reactant + cl-
acid + base
base gains a hydrogen and a positive charge + naked acid (no hydrogen) w/ negative charge
[O]/NAD+
oxidize
[H]/NADH
reduce
H2/metal/[H]
only alkenes! catalytic hydrogenation or reduction
H+/Cat/heat/delta
dehydration
H2O/H+/Cat (alkene)
hydration
H2O/Cat
hydrolysis