chem 108 midterm 3

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ch 10-13

80 Terms

1

Alkanes

<p></p>
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2

Alkene

<p></p>
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3

Alkynes

<p></p>
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4

aromatic ring

<p></p>
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5

Alcohol

<p></p>
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6

Amine

<p></p>
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7

Aldehyde

<p></p>
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8

Ketone

<p></p>
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9

Carboxylic Acid

<p></p>
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10

Ester

<p></p>
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11

Ether

<p></p>
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12

benzene

<p></p>
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13

Phenol

<p></p>
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14

Amide

<p></p>
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15

thiol

<p></p>
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16

carbonyl

<p></p>
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17

Thioester

<p></p>
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18

meth-

1 group

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19

eth-

2 groups

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20

hept-

7 groups

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21

oct-

8 groups

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22

non-

9 groups

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23

Carboxylic Acid

<p></p>
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24

naming alkenes + alkynes

  1. find longest chain (parent chain) that includes double/triple bond *make sure to count carbons on both sides! LOWEST NUMBER!)

  2. name branches and list by alphabetical order

  3. indicate which carbon starts the double/triple bond

  4. end w/ parent root + -ene OR -yne

    FOR AKLENES ONLY: MAKE SURE TO INDICATE IF STRUCTURE IS CIS OR TRANS

    (example would be trans-4,4-dimethyl-2-heptene)

<ol><li><p>find longest chain (parent chain) that includes double/triple bond *make sure to count carbons on both sides! LOWEST NUMBER!)</p></li><li><p>name branches and list by alphabetical order</p></li><li><p>indicate which carbon starts the double/triple bond </p></li><li><p>end w/ parent root + -ene OR -yne</p><p><em>FOR AKLENES ONLY: MAKE SURE TO INDICATE IF STRUCTURE IS</em><strong><em> CIS OR TRANS</em></strong></p><p>(example would be trans-4,4-dimethyl-2-heptene)</p></li></ol>
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25

naming cycloaklanes with branches

  1. count the carbons in the ring (lowest number to branches)

  2. list branches in alphabetical order

  3. branches + cyclo-parent name-ane

    (example would be 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane)

<ol><li><p>count the carbons in the ring (lowest number to branches) </p></li><li><p>list branches in alphabetical order </p></li><li><p>branches + cyclo-parent name-ane</p><p>(example would be 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane)</p></li></ol>
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26

meth-

1 group

<p>1 group</p>
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27

oct-

8 groups

<p>8 groups</p>
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28

naming phenols

  1. the carbon attached to the OH will always be the first carbon!

  2. lowest numbers for branches

  3. branches + phenol

    (example would be 2-ethyl-3-methylphenol)

<ol><li><p>the carbon attached to the OH will always be the first carbon!</p></li><li><p>lowest numbers for branches</p></li><li><p>branches + phenol</p><p>(example would be 2-ethyl-3-methylphenol)</p></li></ol>
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29

naming amines

  1. name branching groups add prefixes if needed

  2. alphabetize!

  3. end with -amine

    (example would be dimethylamine)

<ol><li><p>name branching groups add prefixes if needed</p></li><li><p>alphabetize!</p></li><li><p>end with -amine</p><p>(example would be dimethylamine)</p></li></ol>
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30

naming aldehydes

  1. carbon attached to aldehyde group will be the first carbon!!

  2. name branches and alphabetize them

  3. branches + root-anal

    (example would be 4-methylpentanal)

<ol><li><p>carbon attached to aldehyde group will be the first carbon!!</p></li><li><p>name branches and alphabetize them</p></li><li><p>branches + root-anal</p><p>(example would be 4-methylpentanal)</p></li></ol>
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31

naming ketones

  1. find longest carbon chain, lowest number for carbon double bonded to oxygen

  2. branches + root-anone

    (example would be 1,2-dimethylbutanone)

<ol><li><p>find longest carbon chain, lowest number for carbon double bonded to oxygen</p></li><li><p>branches + root-anone</p><p>(example would be 1,2-dimethylbutanone)</p></li></ol>
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32

naming carboxylic acids

5 groups

<p>5 groups</p>
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33

hex-

6 groups

<p>6 groups</p>
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34

hept-

7 groups

<p>7 groups</p>
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35

Ester

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36

Ether

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37

naming alcohols + thiols

  1. number parent chain w/ the lowest number for OH/SH

  2. name branches and number where the OH/SH is

  3. branches + root-anol OR branches + root-thiol

    (example is 5-methyl-3-hexanol)

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38

dec-

10 groups

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39

naming alkanes

  1. find longest chain (parent chain) w/ lowest number to first branch

  2. name branches

  3. list branches by alphabetical order

  4. end w/ parent root + -ane

    (example would be 3-methyl-pentane)

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40

naming alkenes + alkynes

carboxylic acid

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41

naming cycloaklanes with branches

  1. count the carbons in the ring (lowest number to branches)

  2. list branches in alphabetical order

  3. branches + cyclo-parent name-ane

    (example would be 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane)

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42

naming aromatic rings

ketone

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43

true or false: tertiary alcohols can be oxidized

false

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44

reduction of aldehydes and ketones

  1. draw hydrogen on adjacent carbon

  2. add hydrogen to both oxygen and carbon

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45

aldehydes/ketones + H/NADH (red) =

alcohol

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46

catalytic hydrogenation

3 groups

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47

but-

4 groups

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48

pent-

5 groups

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49

hex-

6 groups

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50

hept-

7 groups

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51

oct-

8 groups

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52

h+ is also known as…

a catalyst

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53

ester + h20

carboxylic acid + alcohol

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54

naming aldehydes

  1. carbon attached to aldehyde group will be the first carbon!!

  2. name branches and alphabetize them

  3. branches + root-anal

    (example would be 4-methylpentanal)

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55

naming ketones

  1. find longest carbon chain, lowest number for carbon double bonded to oxygen

  2. branches + root-anone

    (example would be 1,2-dimethylbutanone)

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56

naming carboxylic acids

  1. carbon attached to aldehyde group will be the first carbon!!

  2. name branches and alphabetize them

  3. branches + root-anoic acid

    put space in between root-anoic and acid!

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57

oxidation of alcohols

  1. draw hydrogens in adjacent carbon

  2. first oxidation: remove hydrogen from carbon and oxygen

  3. second oxidation: add OH to carbon

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58

secondary alcohols + [O]/NAD+ (ox) =

ketone

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59

benzene

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60

oct-

8 groups

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61

amide + h20

carboxylate + ammonium atom (NH3+ and R)

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62

alcohol + cat/H+/heat/delta

alkene + h2o

-for more substituted carbons, remove H from them

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63

alkene + h2o/catalyst/h+

alcohol

<p>alcohol</p>
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64

structural isomers

same formula, different connectivity

-must have at least 4 carbons

-have different physical properties

<p>same formula, different connectivity</p><p>-must have at least 4 carbons</p><p>-have different physical properties</p>
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65

increase intermolecular forces?

increase melting and boiling point

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66

intermolecular forces and surface area

more branches DECREASE surface area which will DECREASE boiling point

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67

geometric isomers

same formula, same connectivity, different 3D shape (alkenes)

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68

cis

hydrogens are on the same side of double bond

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69

naming esters

  1. regions are separated between two oxygens!

  2. name branch bonded to oxygen

  3. number carbon chain doubled bonded to other oxygen

  4. branch bonded to oxygen (space) branches + root-anoate

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70

naming amides

  1. count carbons in parent chain w C=O bond and name branches

  2. name branches bonded to nitrogen

  3. alphabetize!

  4. branches + root-anamide

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71

oxidation

increase in oxygen, decrease in hydrogen

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72

the more carbon groups…

the more nonpolar the chemical is

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73

hci

add hydrogen to reactant + cl-

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74

acid + base

base gains a hydrogen and a positive charge + naked acid (no hydrogen) w/ negative charge

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75

[O]/NAD+

oxidize

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76

[H]/NADH

reduce

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77

H2/metal/[H]

only alkenes! catalytic hydrogenation or reduction

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78

H+/Cat/heat/delta

dehydration

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79

H2O/H+/Cat (alkene)

hydration

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80

H2O/Cat

hydrolysis

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