chapter 1 | the later middle ages

little ice age

period of colder and wetter weather that began in 14th century which led to

• poor harvests

• famine

black death

plague that first struck europe in 1347 and killed about 1/3 of the population

flagellants

people who believed the plague was god’s punishment for sin and sought to do penance by whipping themselves

hundred years’ war

a war between england and france from 1337-1453 with political and economic causes and consequences

representative assemblies

deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many european countries between 1250-1450

babylonian captivity

• 1309-1376 when the popes resided in avignon rather than rome

• the phrase refers to the 70 years when the hebrews were held captive in babylon

great schism

the division or split in church leadership from 1378-1417 when there were 2, then 3 popes

conciliarists

people who believed that the authority in the roman church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, laypeople, rather than in the pope alone

confraternities

voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity

jacquerie

a massive uprising by french peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation

english peasants’ revolt

revolt by english peasants in 1381 in response to changing economic conditions

statue of kilkeny

law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the irish, forbidding marriage between the english and the irish, requiring the use of the english language, and denying the irish access to ecclesiastical offices