Studied by 4 people
preparedness
a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value.
John Garcia
John Garcia was among those who challenged the prevailing idea that all associations can be learned equally well. While researching the effects of radiation on laboratory animals, Garcia and Robert Koelling (1966) noticed that rats began to avoid drinking water from the plastic bottles in radiation chambers.
Taste aversion
If you became violently ill after eating oysters, you would probably have a hard time eating them again. Their smell and taste would have become a conditioned stimulus for nausea. This learning occurs readily because our biology prepares us to learn taste aversions to toxic foods
instinctive drift
the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns.
rescorla
The rescorla - Wagner model of associative learning empathized the associations between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli
Predictability
the likelihood at which an event is going to occur (enables someone to know what to expect so they can organize their behavior to be successful)
expectancy
the anticipation of future events or relationships based on past experiences
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
insight (learning)
a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
personal control
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.
internal locus of control
the perception that we control our own fate.
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.
depletion effect
a theory based on the idea that a person only possess so much self-control over their urges, and that self-control can get used up
Note 
Flashcard (38)