DUAL HISTORY- EXAM 3

After the American Revolution, what style of government did America have?

Confederate

Articles of Confederation

Promoted people's wellfare

What was the problem with the Articles of Confederation?

The states were more powerful than the government and does not meet the people's needs.

Why is so important to be a landholder?

*** If you are a landholder, you have vested interest in the economy succeeding
-Landholders viewed as the only legitimate participants in government

How many representatives were there in Congress?

-13 representatives (1 representative per colony)

Shay's Rebellion

*** The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation shows during the rebellion
-Massachusetts taxes corn
-Daniel Shay & supporters go to gov't and rebel -> Takes over federal armory in Springfield

THIS SHOWS THE PEOPLE THAT THE CONFEDERATION WILL NOT WORK.

James Madison

-Says that the Articles of Confederation have to change
-Convinces delegates to meet in Annapolis
-People who showed up consists of landholders (middle/upper class) & attorneys
-Secretary of State

Virginia Plan

*** They wanted Congress tied with the population
-This was not a good system of gov't
-Small states no longer had power like before

New Jersey Plan

-Congress consists of 2 representatives
-Opposite of what Virginia Plan believes

Connecticut Plan

**** JOINED VIRGINIA PLAN & NEW JERSEY PLAN (Great Compromise)
***House of Representatives
-Population
-Power of the purse (money)
-Elected every 2 years

***Senate
-2 senators per state (chosen by legislature)
-Elected every 6 years

Checks & Balances

***Republic Style of Government
Executive Branch: President
Judicial Branch: Supreme Court
Legislative Branch: Senate

Federalists

***CENTRALIZING FEDERAL POWER TO MAKE IT STRONGER
-1st state to ratify this: Delaware
-They need 9 states to back this in order to change the Articles of Confederation to a Federalist style of government
-7/9 states at first -> New Hampshire & Massachusetts join
CONSTITUTION IS PASSED

Anti-Federalists

-Bill of Rights which states our liberties
-Indivudualism

Argument between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

-Federalists had people from the Elite
-Federalists have not stated liberties in their constitution

Federalist Papers

-Late 1787-1790
-Lays out in detail what the founding fathers are trying to do (why this constitution needs to work)
-All states/colonies should have a constitution that is ratified by 52-55 men

Election of 1800

-Thomas Jefferson VS. Aaron Burr
-Electoral college uses single ballot voting system ~ "Winner takes all"
-Majority VS. Plurality
**** SHIFT IN OFFICE THAT SHOWS PEACE

Thomas Jefferson (Election of 1800)

-Anti-Federalist
-Argument: "States Rights"

Aaron Burr (Election of 1800)

-Anti-Federalist
-Running mate to Jefferson

What happens if the votes are equal?

They get thrown to the House of Representatives

Alexander Hamilton

-BIG Federalist
-Thinks that Burr is dangerous
-Founder of US Coast Guard & argues for strong central bank for war debt
-Wants the gov't to have power

***JEFFERSON WINS BECAUSE OF HAMILTON

How many votes are needed in order to become president? (Election of 1800)

9

Was the House of Representatives Federalist or Anti-Federalist?

Federalist

Thomas Jefferson (During Presidency)

-1st Anti-Federalist in office
-Slaveholder who side steps the issue of slavery because he sees slavery as a "necessity" to the Southern Economy (costs the life of 3% of the people in America)
-Main Priority: Scale back size/power of federal gov't & give more power to local citizens

What Federalist innovations does Jefferson dismantle and why?

-Reducing army & navy
-Abolishing internal federal taxes
-Reducing national debt through duties/excise taxes
WHY: All of this was centralizing the federal gov't and he wanted to dismantle it

Components of a Properly Functioned Federal Government

-Running postal systems
-Maintaining federal courts/agencies
-Collect duties
-Conduct a census every 10 years

Judiciary Act of 1801

-John Adams appoints 217 judges
-Circuit Court: 6 -> 16
-Supreme Court: 6 -> 5 justices
-Jefferson cancels the appointments that were suppose to happen of Midnight on the last day of Adam's presidency

William Marbury

-He sues the federal gov't because of his canceled appointment
-Case goes up to Supreme Court against James Madison

Marbury V. Madison

-Court finds Marbury's commision valid
-Through Madison, Jefferson wins the lawsuit
-Marbury's lawsuit conflicted with the Constitution

The Supreme Court Establishes the Concept of Judicial Review

-Has the right to judicially review every single law & decision
-Disallows a law on the basis that is unconstitutional

Americans Pushing Westward

-Land west of Mississippi River contained by Americans by 1801
*** PROBLEM: France owned that land
-Jefferson sends ambassador to France (Livingston) to purchase New Orleans for $15 mil -> Declares for ALL of France's land and GETS IT

Property to Democracy

-Instead of requiring property -> shifts to democracy (many new Western states abandoned property qualifications)
-Life, liberty, property -> Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
-We want a greater democracy, a voice, and participation in government but keep a republic style of gov't

1780s

12/13 original states enacted lang property qualificiations for voting

1790s

Vermont became first state to enfranchise all adult males to vote & four more states followed

1800-1830

Trend for democratization grips all states

Political Philosophy & Practical Politic Debate

1. Who are "the people?"
2. Whose party/interest group gains the most from expanded suffrage?

Battle between East & West Over Suffrage

-War of 1812
-After the war, 10 originial states (including Massachusetts and New York) abolish the freehold qualifications & opened franchise to all who paid taxes or rendered militia service
*** This is saying that people should have the ability to vote (including free black men) if you have paid taxes or served

Who was not allowed to vote?

-Women
-Paupers
-Felons

New York (Property Qualification)

New York was the only state that retained existing property qualifications for black voters, but removed it for whites

Missouri Compromise

-February 1819: Missouri applied for statehold
-Had population of 10,000 slaves
-New York representative in Congress (James Tallmadge Jr)

James Tallmadge Jr

-Proposes 2 amendments to push that blacks should be able to vote
1. Slaves born in Missouri after statehold would be free at age 25
2. No new slaves imported into the state
-These amendments passed the house, but not the Senate (North side of the Senate won against South)

Compromise emerges in Senate in 1820

Maine: Would enter union as a free state
Missouri: Would enter union as slave state
*** This maintained the balance of free states & slave states in the Senate

Monroe Doctrine

*** FOREIGN POLICY
-1816: Andrew Jackson led American troops to invade Florida in search of Seminole Indians harboring escaped slaves
-Jackson declared himself the commander of Northern Florida & executes 2 men who claimed to be dangerous enemies which troubled the Monroe Doctrine
-Adams negotiated the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain -> delivered FL to the U.S. in 1918 as long as the U.S abandoned any claim to Texas or Cuba
-Warned Europe that any attempt to interfere in the Western Hemisphere would be regarded as an unfriendly act towards to U.S
-Monroe pledged that the U.S would stay out of European struggles

Monroe Formulating a Declaration of Principles on South America (Monroe Doctrine)

-Made to discourage Spain & France from getting the colonies
-America is starting to be seen as a greater power

Election of 1824

-John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhorn, & William Crawford all ran for presidency
-Andrew Jackson ran against Adams
-Calhorn pulled out of the election
-PROBLEM: Large number of candidates means that final election would be decided by the House of Representatives
-1st presidential contest in which popularity with ordinary voters could be measured
*** JACKSON WON THE POPULAR VOTE (through small states)

John Quincy Adams

-Federalist
-A nerd from the Elite
-Wants to abolish slavery

Henry Clay (Election of 1824)

-Wants to be Secretary of State instead of Speaker of the House and Adams offers this position if Henry Clay helps him win votes in the House of Representatives
-Adams wins the election because of this and becomes president of the U.S (Seen as a corrupt bargain by Jackson's supporters)

Andrew Jackson

-Anti-Federalist
-Uneducated
-Slaveholder
- "We was Robbed"
-Talks like a common man

John Quincy Adam's Boom Economy

-1815-1840: Improvements in transportation raised speed, lowered cost of travel, moved goods/products into winder markets, people to new destinations, & facilitated the flow of political information through media
-Expensive and land produced uneven economic benefits
-Relied on Private Enterprise
-Entrepreneurs are benefited
-Banks stimulated the economy & determined who would get loans and discount rates
*** ANDREW'S ARGUMENT:
-Ending gov't granted priveledges was the way to maximize individual liberty & economic opportunity
-Agrees with Jefferson that gov't should get out of banking systems so states could take over (Limits the gov't)

John Quincy Adam's Bust Economy (Panic of 1819)

-Overnight the rich became poor
-Banks started to call back loans
-Contraction of money supplied created tremors throughout the economy -> Credit dried up
-By the mid 1820's, the economy was back on track

Election of 1828

-Jackson VS Adams
-1st presidential contest in which popular votes determined the outcome of the election (not state legislatures)
-New campaign styles start to woo voters
-Political parties start to crystalize
***JACKSON WINS
-He chooses Calhorn as his V.P
-Both of them were from South Carolina (RARE)

Results of the Election of 1828

-Politicians came to see that political parties sharpened differences between candidates and voters and created party loyalty
-Adams & Jackson symbolized competing ideas of emerging parties

Jacksonian Term

-Favored limited gov't (but strong executive branch )
-Image as a common man
-Appointed only loyalists and replaced servants

Jeffersonian Term

-Favored limited gov't ("State's Rights")
-Wanted to reduce the gov't completely