DNA: The Molecule of Life

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to DNA and its functions in biology.

DNA

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, the molecule that holds the instructions for all living things.

Nucleotide

The basic building block of DNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.

Adenine (A)

One of the four bases in DNA that pairs with thymine (T).

Thymine (T)

One of the four bases in DNA that pairs with adenine (A).

Guanine (G)

One of the four bases in DNA that pairs with cytosine (C).

Cytosine (C)

One of the four bases in DNA that pairs with guanine (G).

Double helix

The shape of DNA, consisting of two strands that wind around each other.

Transcription

The process of rewriting the DNA code into messenger RNA (mRNA).

Translation

The process where mRNA is read at the ribosomes to assemble a protein.

Gene regulation

The process of turning genes on and off, affecting protein production.

Mutation

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, which can have various effects on the protein produced.

Proto-oncogene

A normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations leading to cancer.

Oncogene

A mutated form of a proto-oncogene that promotes uncontrolled cell division.

Tumor

An abnormally growing mass of body cells; can be benign (non-spreading) or malignant (spreading).

Genetic engineering

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means.

CRISPR

A powerful tool for genetic engineering that allows for precise editing of DNA.

Genomics

The scientific study of the complete set of genes (genome) of an organism.

Gene therapy

The alteration of a person’s genes to treat or cure a disease by inserting correct DNA.

Short tandem repeats (STRs)

Repeating sequences in DNA that vary among individuals and are used in DNA profiling.