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Partisanship
Identifying with a certain political party, such as Democrat or Republican.
Party Identification
A psychological attachment to a political party.
Independent Myth
The misconception that most independents do not lean towards a party; in reality, they often have voting patterns.
Party Platforms
Documents outlining the goals and beliefs of each political party.
Voter Decision Making
The process influenced by party platforms, leadership, and public opinion data.
Liberals
Individuals with less traditional views who advocate for more government involvement in the economy.
Conservatives
Individuals with more traditional views who prefer less government interference in the economy.
Sorting
The trend where liberal Republicans and conservative Democrats have become more distinct, leading to only conservative Republicans and liberal Democrats.
Negative Partisanship
A strong dislike or hatred towards the opposing political party.
Single Issue Voters
Voters who prioritize one specific issue, such as abortion, when making their voting decisions.
Retrospective Voting
Evaluating candidates based on whether voters feel better off than they were four years ago.
Exit Polls
Surveys conducted on election day to determine who voters chose.
Party Structure
The organization of a political party, including leaders, executives, and members.
Campaign Funding
The financial resources required for political campaigns, often exceeding a billion dollars.
Electoral College
A body that formally elects the President of the United States, with votes calculated based on state populations.
Safe States
States that consistently vote for one party in elections.
Swing States
States that can vote for either major party, receiving significant attention during campaigns.
Incumbency Advantage
The benefits that current officeholders have over challengers in elections.
Federal Election Commission (FEC)
The agency responsible for regulating campaign finance laws.
Political Action Committees (PACs)
Organizations that collect and distribute funds to political candidates.
SuperPACs
Independent committees that can raise unlimited funds for political advocacy.
Lobbyists
Individuals hired to influence government decisions on behalf of interest groups.
Collective Action Problem
The challenges groups face in coordinating efforts to achieve a common goal.
Benefits of Interest Group Membership
Networking opportunities, access to information, and enhanced political influence.
Federal Election Spending in 2020
Approximately $14 billion spent on federal elections.
Lobbying
Activities aimed at influencing government decisions across all branches.
Universal Healthcare
A contentious issue in Congress, complicated by political polarization and differing ideologies.
Medicare
A government healthcare program for individuals aged 65 and older.
Medicaid
A government healthcare program for low-income individuals and families.
Affordable Care Act
A healthcare reform law aimed at expanding access to insurance.
Public Opinion on Campaign Spending
Many Americans express concern over the influence of money in politics.
Sensationalism
The tendency of media to prioritize shocking stories over substantive reporting.
Horse-Race Coverage
Media focus on who is winning or losing in political races rather than on policy issues.
Negativity Bias
The tendency of news to focus more on negative events than positive ones.
Journalists vs
Journalists report facts while pundits provide opinions and analysis.
Fake News
A politicized term that complicates the distinction between misinformation and legitimate reporting.
Agenda Setting
The media's role in influencing what topics are considered important by the public.
Priming
The media's ability to prepare the public to think about issues in a certain way.
Framing
The presentation of information that can influence interpretation and public reaction.
Selective Exposure
The tendency of individuals to consume media that aligns with their beliefs.
Affective Polarization
The increasing emotional distance and hostility between political groups.
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