Psychology Final Review #2

1\. From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

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A. determining     B. processing     C. thinking       D. understanding

C. thinking

2\. ________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

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A. beliefs         B. concepts          C. emotions            D. values

B. concepts       

5\. A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

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A. idea           B. paradigm          C. prototype           D. schema

  D. schema

6\. ________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

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A. cognition B. personality C. schema D. targeting

A. cognition

3\. A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

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A. amalgamation          B. archetype               C. prototype                   D. unification

C. prototype                

8\. Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

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A. concept B. language C. prototype D. schemata

B. language

10\. A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

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A. audio B. morpheme C. phoneme D. syntax

C. phoneme

12\. Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

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A. interpretation B. language C. semantics D. syntax

C. semantics

15\. Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

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A. anchoring bias B. functional fixedness C. hindsight bias D. representative bias

B. functional fixedness

18\. ________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

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A. analytic B. creative C. crystallized D. practical

B. creative

20\. Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

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A. Charles Spearman B. Howard Gardner C. Raymond Cattell D. Robert Sternberg

D. Robert Sternberg

32\. After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

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A. babbling B. baby talk C. lexicon D. phoneme

A. babbling

37\. Niaz’s car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

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A. anchoring bias B. availability heuristic

C. hindsight bias D. representational bias

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C. hindsight bias

47\. Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

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A. bodily kinesthetic B. interpersonal C. logical–mathematical D. spatial

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C. logical–mathematical

57\. In Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

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A. interpersonal; intrapersonal B. intrapersonal; naturalist

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C. logical–mathematical; interpersonal D. musical; linguistic

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A. interpersonal; intrapersonal

1\. Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. 

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A. acoustic          B. semantic          C. sensory           D. visual

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B. semantic

2\. What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

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A. automatic processing   B. effortful processing     C. memory      D. sensory encoding

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C. memory

4\. Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

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A. acoustic        B. semantic      C. sensory      D. visual 

  D. visual

7\. Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. 

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A. acoustic      B. semantic       C. sensory            D. visual 

A. acoustic 

9\. In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

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A. encoded B. long-term C. sensory D. visual

B. long-term

11\. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

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A. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color

B. happy memories are processed better than sad memories

C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

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D. short-term memory itself has different forms

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C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

12\. What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

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A. explicit memories B. implicit memories

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C. sensory memories D. short-term memories

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A. explicit memories

14\. ________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

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A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

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A. acoustic

15\. The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

\\n A. encoding B. hyperthymesia D. retrieval

C. storage

D. retrieval

17\. What is semantic memory?

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A. information about events we have personally experienced

B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced

D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

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B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

18\. What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

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A. effortful B. procedural C. recall D. sensory

D. sensory

20\. Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

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A. immediately applying new information to a practical problem

B. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

C. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it

D. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

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D. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

23\. Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

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A. anterograde amnesia B. misinformation effect paradigm

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C. reconstruction D. suggestibility

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D. suggestibility

29\. I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

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A. explicit memory B. implicit memory

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C. procedural memory D. sensory memory

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A. explicit memory

32\. When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

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A. explicit B. implicit C. semantic D. sensory

B. implicit

38\. For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

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A. flashbulb memory B. flashpoint C. hyperthymesia D. sensory memory

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A. flashbulb memory

41\. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

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A. antero-retro; flashbulb B. anterograde; retrograde

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C. flashbulb; retro-antero D. retrograde; anterograde

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D. retrograde; anterograde

49\. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can’t remember where.

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A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

B. forgetting

52\. Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

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A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. primary cortex

B. cerebellum

57\. Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

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A. chunking B. elaborative rehearsal C. mnemonic device D. persistence

chunking

1\. ________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

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A. cognitive         B. learning       C. physical             D. psychosocial

C. physical

2\. What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

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A. What do people think about development? B. What is biological about development?

C. What is normal development? D. Who decided what constituted normal development?

What is normal development?

5\. ________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

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A. artistic B. cognitive C. emotional D. psychosocial

B. cognitive

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6\. Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

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A. continuous B. discontinuous C. progressive

D. regressive

discontinuous

8\. Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

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A. Erik Erikson       B. Jean Piaget        C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

11\. Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

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A. Abraham Maslow B. Erik Erikson C. Jean Piaget       D. Lawrence Kohlberg

. Erik Erikson

12\. ________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

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A. categories B. cognitions C. facsimiles D. schemata

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schemata

13\. A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

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A. embryo B. placenta C. protean D. zygote

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D. zygote

15\. In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

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A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. postformal   D. sensorimotor

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postformal

17\. Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

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A. assimilation B. conservation C. egocentrism D. reversibility 

A. assimilation

18\. A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.

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A. contaminant B. mutagen C. teratogen D. zygote

C. teratogen

19\. ________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

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A. biological B. cognitive C. manipulative D. motor

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motor

20\. ________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

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A. attachment B. nourishment C. regard D. security 

A. attachment

22\. Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

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A. cognitive developments B. developmental milestones

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C. naturalistic observations D. psychosexual stages

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developmental milestones

26\. What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

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A. cognitive capacity B. environment and culture

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C. genes and biology D. language acquisition

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genes and biology

30\. Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

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A. fine B. gross C. hand D. manipulative 

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A. fine

31\. Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant’s needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

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A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. identity vs. confusion

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C. industry vs. inferiority D. trust vs. mistrust

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trust vs. mistrust

34\. 18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, “Look mommy, apples!” His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

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A. accommodation B. assimilation C. exclusion D. inclusion

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A. accommodation

37\. During Jean Piaget’s ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

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A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor 

sensorimotor

41\. During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

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A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

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concrete operational

44\. Adolescents (ages 12–18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

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A. generativity vs. stagnation B. identity vs. confusion C. isolation vs. intimacy D. trust vs. mistrust

B. identity vs. confusion

47\. Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

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A. conservation B. egocentrism C. pretend play D. stranger anxiety

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D. stranger anxiety

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49\. Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother’s birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves *Cars* his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

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A. conservation B. egocentrism C. pretend play D. reversibility

egocentrism

53\. Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

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A. egocentrism B. Moro reflex C. preoperational stage D. stranger anxiety

B. Moro reflex

1\. Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

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A. Hippocrates     B. Immanuel Kant     C. Sigmund Freud      D. Wilhelm Wundt

. Sigmund Freud   

2\. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

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A. in which people are presented with ambiguous images

B. that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards

C. that is designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups

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D. that is similar to a word association test

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in which people are presented with ambiguous images

5\. ________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

A. character B. Jungian C. Rorschach D. trait

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D. trait

7\. ________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

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A. heritability B. personality C. temperament D. trait

11\. Who developed social-cognitive theory?

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A. Abraham Maslow B. Albert Bandura C. Carl Rogers D. Erik Erikson

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12\. Self-efficacy is ________.

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A. a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar

B. our level of confidence in our own abilities

C. the belief that one’s environment can determine behavior

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D. the belief that we have power over our lives

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16\. An archetype is a ________.

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A. balance of opposing forces within one’s personality

B. collective consciousness

C. feeling that one lacks worth and doesn’t measure up to the standards of others or of society

D. pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

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18\. Carl Jung’s view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.

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A. collective unconscious B. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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C. Rorschach Inkblot Test D. Tell-me-a-story thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS) 

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19\. Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.

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A. id B. ideal self C. persona D. superego

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17\. Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

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A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Jung C. Karen Horney D. Sigmund Freud

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22\. In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament? 

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A. black bile from the kidneys B. red blood from the heart

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C. white mucous from the lungs D. yellow bile from the liver

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23\. Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, “my smother” instead of “my mother.” What does this exemplify?

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A. archetype B. collective unconscious C. Freudian slip D. repressed memory

24\. The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

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A. Five Factor Model

B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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25\. Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

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A. ego B. id C. superego D. unconscious

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27\. Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

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A. denial B. displacement C. rationalization D. rejection

29\. After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

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A. reaction formation B. regression C. repression D. sublimation

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30\. According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

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A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic

34\. The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person’s unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

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A. Julian Rotter B. Rorschach C. TAT D. TEMAS

37\. In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

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A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic

39\. Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.

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A. extrovert B. humanist C. introvert D. neo-Freudian

53\. In Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.

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A. actions that are not internally motivated

B. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

C. reactions that are externally motivated 

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D. specific actions that result in reactions

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58\. According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

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A. good parenting B. love C. self-actualization D. self-efficacy

60\. As the “third force” in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists’ view of humans passively reacting to the environment.

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A. biological determinism B. feminism C. humanism D. social cognition theory

63\. What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

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A. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

B. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not.

C. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did.

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D. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not.

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74\. What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

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A. Personality is formed solely in childhood.

B. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology of the organism.

C. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

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D. Personality theory should be based on social health.

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1\. The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

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A. emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

B. ethnographies, case studies, archives, and statistics 

C. prejudice and discrimination, helping behavior, aggression, and group processes

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D. society and social interaction, families, ecology, and religion

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2\. Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior? 

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A. being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting

B. being raised Jewish 

C. being raised to think that stealing is morally wrong

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D. hitting someone in the dark

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6\. Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior?

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A. attitudes B. emotions C. group processes D. social cognition

7\. Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

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A. egocentric bias B. fundamental bias C. interpersonal bias D. self-serving bias

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8\. What is groupthink? 

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A. arguments between group members that result in the dissolution of the group

B. modification of the opinions of leadership to agree with the numerical minority 

C. modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

D. pressure from above on group members designed to eliminate leadership

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9\. Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?

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A. influence of one person on a large group

B. influence of one person on the creation of a group goal

C. influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgment

D. influence of the group minority on individual judgment

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11\. When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________.

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A. person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

B. prescription for psychotropic medicine

C. set of instructions to be carried out 

D. written record of a person’s history

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13\. Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?

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A. Asch B. Milgram C. Rosenthal D. Zimbardo

14\. What is a social role?

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A. group’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members

B. group’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

C. person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

D. socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

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15\. A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.

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A. attitude B. cognition C. feeling D. sense

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17\. The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgment.

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A. Asch B. conformity C. Dollard D. social psychology

19\. Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

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A. central cognitive B. foot-in-the-door C. head-in-the-sand D. peripheral route

21\. Who was Stanley Milgram?

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A. social psychology professor at Yale who designed a mock prison to test the power of social roles

B. social psychology professor at Yale who designed an experiment to test what would happen to the lone dissenter in a group

C. social psychology professor at Yale who tested the hypothesis that brainstorming was less productive than the individual creative process

D. social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of “I was just following orders” typically used by accused Nazis

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24\. Who was the social psychology professor at Yale who designed an obedience study in order to test the defense of “I was just following orders” typically used by accused Nazis?

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A. Asch B. Milgram C. Phillips D. Zimbardo

31\. Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied?

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A. Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.

B. Children who are not easily provoked are more likely to be bullied.

C. Children who blend in to a crowd are more likely to be bullied.

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D. Children who tell adults about bad behavior are more likely to be bullied.

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36\. What is the major flaw in the Asch conformity study?

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A. Asch ignored the importance of a major factor influencing conformity—the presence of another dissenter.

B. Asch ignored the importance of a major factor influencing conformity—the size of the group.

C. Asch ignored the importance of a major factor influencing conformity—whether the response was public or private.

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D. Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.

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