AP PSYCH - Development (Unit 3)

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

maturation

a biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

rooting reflex

a baby's tendency to look for food when touched on the cheek

swallowing reflex

a baby's tendency to automatically swallow if something is in it's mouth

stepping reflex

a baby's tendency to step when held in a standing position

grasping reflex

a baby's tendency to grasp/grab when the middle of their palm is touched

moro reflex

a baby's tendency to arch their back when freightened/startled

babinski reflex

a baby's tendency to spread their toes when the bottoms of their feet are stroked

Harry Harlow's Attachment

(1958) through his study on monkeys, his research demonstrated that children become attached to caregivers that provide warmth and love, and that this love is not simply based on providing nourishment

Mary Ainsworth's Attachment ('Strange Situration' study)

(1970) identified three main attachment styles, secure (type B), insecure avoidant (type A), and insecure ambivalent/resistant (type C). She concluded that these attachment styles resulted from early interactions with the mother.

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

accomodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

object permanence

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).

preconventional morality (Kohlberg)

before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward; only 20% of the population has reached this stage of morality.

conventional morality (Kohlberg)

by early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake.

postconventional morality (Kohlberg)

affirms people's agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles.

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

birth-18 months, if needs are dependably met infants develop basic trust (mistrust if needs aren't met); the trust/mistrust developed can effect the child for the rest of their lives

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)

18 months to 3 years, Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt ("NO")

Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)

3-6 yrs, good: sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment, bad: fear of punishment, etc. (Is their curiosity encouraged or scolded?)

Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)

6-12 yrs, good: competence, exercise his/her abilities and intelligence in the world, be able to affect world in the way that the child desires bad: inadequacy, low self esteem (Do we feel good or bad about our accomplishments?

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)

Adolescence: try to figure out who they are or are confused about what roles to play ("Who am I?" "What group do I fit in with?") Not finding themselves may lead an identity crisis.

Intimacty vs. Isolation (Erikson)

Young Adult (20's-30's): must develop marriage-seeking relationships while combating feelings of isolation (and balancing work)

("What are my priorities?")

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson)

Middle Adulthood (40's to 60's)

people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. (Am I happy with what I've created?") Mid-life crisis... :(

Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)

Late Adulthood (Late 60s and up)

When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure. (Was my life meaningful or do I have regret?)

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

Birth-2. Sensations and perceptions. Master object permanence. Emphasis on the senses: touch, vision, motor (sucking and grasping)

Preoperational Stage (Piaget)

2-7 years

Egocentric understanding; rapidly acquiring words as symbols for things; inability to perform mental operations or understand conservation

Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget)

7-12. The child develops the ability to understand conservation and show logical, concrete reasoning. they become less egocentric as they learn more about the world. still can't think abstractly or hypothetically

Formal Operational Stage (Piaget)

12-adulthood. are able to use symbols related to abstract concepts, such as algebra and science. can think about things in systematic ways, come up with theories, and consider possibilities. can also understand abstract relationships and concepts such as justice.

Authoritative Parenting (Baumrind)

parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children

Authoritarian Parenting (Baumrind)

High behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication (little to zero emphasis on self-esteem/worth)

Permissive Parenting (Baumrind)

style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any demands on a child's behavior and have few restrictions

Cross-Sectional Study

a study that interviews a fresh sample of people each time they are carried out, comparing people of different ages at the same point in time

Longitudinal Study

a study that observes the same sample of people on many occasions over a long period of time

Cross-Sectional Study VS Longitudinal Study

one interviews a fresh sample of people each time they are carried out, whereas the other follows the same sample of people over time.

Fluid intellegence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Crystallized Intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Fluid intellegence VS Crystallized Intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly (decreases during late adulthood) VS our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills (increases with age)

Sexual Orientation

an inherent attraction or romantic relationship with a given gender or genders

Gender Roles

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female

Gender Identity

the individual's sense of being male, female, etc.

Gender Typing

acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role; the process by which children become aware of their gender and thus behave accordingly by adopting attributes of members of the gender that they identify with

authoritative (parenting)

parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children

authoritatrian (parenting)

a restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions

permissive (parenting)

style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any demands/limits on a child's behavior

secure attachment style

an attachment style characterized by trust, the ability to communicate upsets directly, and can lead to cooperative/ flexible behavior in relationships later on in life. developed if the parent is sensitive and responsive

the effects of having a secure attachment as a baby later on in life

-Higher self-esteem

-Better Social Skills

-Leadership Qualities

• More Positive Emotions

-Richer Friendships

Harlow's Theory on the Development of Attachments (infants)

The belief that an infant's association with nourishment, comfort, and security with the mother would help develop a bond between them, according to a certain man's research

Carol Gilligan

Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory, since he only studied on men; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships