AP Psychology: Unit 5

Health Psychology

The study of how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness

Stress

the response of the body and mind to challenges or demands, characterized my physical emotional, and mental reactions

can cause hypertension, headaches, and weakened immune system

Stressors

events or conditions that trigger stress by challenging an individual’s ability to cope or adjust

Eusstress

positive stress that enhances motivation, well being, and performance

Distress

negative stress that decreases motivation, impairs performance, and leads to emotional and physical problems

Daily hassles

minor irritations that occur regularly

Significant life changes

major events that require adaptation

Catastrophe

unpredictable, large-scale events that cause widespread stress

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

stressful or traumatic events in childhood that can have long-lasting effects on health and well-being throughout a person’s life

Fight-Flight-Freeze Response

A physiological reaction to perceived threats that prepares the body to fight, flee, or freeze to enhance survival

General Adaptation Syndrome

3 stage response to stress that includes alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, describing how the body reacts and adapts to stress over time

Alarm Reaction Phase

initial stage of the GAS, where the body reacts to a stressor with a “fight-or-flight” response, activating stress hormones and physiological changes

Resistance Phase

The second stage of the GAS where the body tries to adapt and cope with a stressor, maintaining heightened alertness and stress hormone levels

Exhaustion Phase

The final stage of the GAS, where the body’s resources are depleted after prolonged stress, leading to distressed tolerance and potential health issues

Tend-and-Befriend Theory

Behavioral reaction to stress that involves nurturing activities to protect oneself and one’s offspring, and seeking social support to reduce stress

Problem-Focused Coping

Involves directly managing or solving the source of stress to reduce its impact

Emotion-focused coping

Managing the emotional response to stress rather than changing the situation itself

positive psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing to help individuals and communities to thrive

well-being

a state of happiness and contentment, with low levels of distress, overall good physical and mental health and good quality of life

Resilience

the ability to adapt and recover quickly from difficulties or change, maintaining psychological well-being in the face of adversity

Positive Subjective Experiences

Feelings that foster enjoyment, interest, and contentment, and contribute to overall well-being and happiness

Gratitude

the appreciation of what is valuable and meaningful to oneself, enhancing overall well-being by fostering positive feelings and relationships

Positive objective experiences

a measurable, observable event or situation that is considered positive or beneficial to an indivudal’’s well being (can be measured)

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

post traumatic growth

positive psychological changes experiences as a result with highly challenging life circumstances, leading to a higher level of personal functioning

Signature strengths & virtues

core characteristics that a person naturally possesses and expresses, which contribute to fulfilling, authentic, and engaged living

Wisdom

the ability to make sound decisions based on deep understanding and experience, contributing to effective problem-solving and interpersonal relationships

Courage

the mental or moral strength to persevere and withstand fear or difficulty, enabling individuals to face challenges and act in accordance with their values despite potential risks

Humanity

the quality of being compassionate, empathetic, and supportive toward others, fostering positive interpersonal relationships and social well being

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

An alternative to ECT that involves placing a pulsating magnetic coil over the prefrontal regions of the brain, treats depression with minimal side effects

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A biological treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead

Psychosurgery

the most dramatic and least used biomedical intervention for changing behaviors, involves removing or lesioning brain tissue; process is irreversible

lesioning

itnentionally damaging or removing specific areas of the brain to treat certain disorders

Lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to emotional controlling centers of the inner brain

lithium

designed to treat the combination of manic episodes and depression characteristic of bipolar disorder because they reduce dramatic mood swings

dyskinesia

an involuntary movement, such as a tic or spasm.

rational-emotive behavioral therapy

a form of cognitive behavior therapy based on the concept that an indivudal’s self-defeating beliefs influence and cause negative feelings and undesirable behaviors

dialetical behavior therapy

a flexible, stage-based therapy that combines principles of behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and mindfulness.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Researched by Aaron Beck, based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together

token economy

behavioral strategy relies on reinforcement to modify behavior. clients are allowed to earn tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges or desired items

Biofeedback

the use of an external monitoring device (e.g., electrocardiograph) to provide an individual with information regarding their physiological state.

Applied Behavior Analysis

the techniques used in this type of treatment are based on the theories of classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Cognitive Triad

a set of three beliefs thought to characterize major depressive episodes. These are negative beliefs about the self, world, and the future.

Cognitive restructuring

a technique used in cognitive behavior therapy to help the client identify their self-defeating beliefs or cognitive distortions, refute them, and then modify them so that they are adaptive and reasonable

cognitive therapy

A form of psychotherapy based on the concept that emotional and behavioral problems in an individual are, at least in part, the results of maladaptive or faulty ways of thinking

dream interpretation

can help you understand your dreams and the dreaming process. It helps one process emotions and heal from emotional challenges.

free association

the client spontaneously reports thoughts, feelings, and mental images that come to mind (no cencorship)

psychodynamic theory

the primary focus of psychodynamic therapy is to uncover the unconscious content of a client’s psyche in order to alleviate psychic tension

nonmaleficence

avoiding causing harm to others “above all, do no harm”

Fiedelity

the commitment to keeping promises and being loyal to others, upholding trust in a relationship

integrity

acting with honesty and consistency, upholding ethical standards in all situations

respect people’s rights and dignity

recognizing and respecting the inherent worth and value of every individual

consequences of deinstitutionalization

large potion of the homeless population is considered to be mentally ill. 26% of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness

Deinstitutionalization

when better psychotropic drugs were created this movement began to remove patients who were not considered a threat to themselves from mental hospitals

Decentralized approach

instead of relying solely on a central therapist across various settings and providers, often utilizing technology like telehealth to allow patients to access therapy from their homes or convenient locations, prioritizing a more patient-centered and accessible model

psychotropic medication therapy

also known as psychoactive drugs, are used to treat mental illnesses

therapeutic alliance

a cooperative working relationship between client and therapist, considered by many to be an essential aspect of successful therapy.

evidence-based interventiosn

integration of the best available scientific research from laboratory and field settings with clinical expertise so as to provide effective psychological services that are responsive to a patient’s culture, preferences and characteristics

psychotherapy

psychologist or other trained professional working with an individual or group to identify a problem and develop solutions

psycho pharmacologic revolution

effective drugs for conditions like schizophrenia and depression were found in the 1950s by accident

trephining

holes are drilled into a living person’s skull in order to release demonic spirits thought to be causing the person’s disordered behaviors

OCD

characterized by an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency

dependent personality disorder

characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of

avoidant personality disorder

characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequancy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation/potential rejection, humilation

narcisstic personality disorder

characterized by a proud pattern of grandiosity need for admiration, and lack of empathy

histronic perosnality disorder

characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionally (dramatic) and attentions seeking

BPD

characterized by repeated instabiltioy in interpersonal relationships, slef-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior

Antisocial personality disorder

characterized by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people’s rights

Schizotypical personality disorder

characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

Schizord Personality Disorder

characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

Paranoid Personality Disorder

pattern of distrust and suspiciousness about to her people's motives, individual thinks that others are out to threaten, betray, exploit, or harm

Personality Disorder

any in a group of disorders involving persuasive patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and the self that interfere with long-term functioning of the individual and are not limited to isolated episodes

Bulimia Nervosa

Recurrent binge followed by compensatory behaviors for the intake of the food, such as purging

bingeing

characterized by eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time

purge

includes self-induced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives, diuretic, fasting, or excessive exercise

Anorexia

life-threatening eating disorder that involves intense fear of weight gain or becoming overweight, distorted perception of one’s weight/body shape, persistent restriction of calorie ntake

transcendence

the ability to connect to the larger universe and find meaning beyond oneself, often through appreciation of beauty, gratitude, hope, humor, and spirituality

temperance

self-regulation and control over excess and impulsed, promoting balance and moderation in person behavior and relationships

justice

a comittment to Fairless, equity, and advocating for the rights of others, which helps maintain healthy community and societal relationshops

humanity

the quality of being compassionate, empatheicm and supportive, towards other, fostering