evo final

Bayesian phylogenetic analysis differs from Maximum Likelihood

methods in that:

they infer the likelihood of a tree given the data

maximum likelihood

evolutionary model based trees

game theory

explains altruism/cooperation (vampire bats)

african replacement model

africa has greatest diversity

stabilizing selection

favors intermediate traits

when did language evolve?

after homo sapiens

what homo coexisted with modern humans?

homo floriensis

what are the conditions for HWE

random mating

no mutation

no migration

no selection

infinite population

archaeopteryx

concept supporting evolution

bird/dio hybrid fossil, shared ancestry

speciation

geographic isolation, cryptic species

monophyletic

ancestor and all descendants

paraphyletic

ancestor and some descendants

poluphyletic

unrelated organisms grouped without common ancestor

The unit(s) upon which evolution consists of happens to be:

Changes in allele frequencies

During a drought in the Galapagos, small,

easily eaten seeds become less abundant leaving only large,

hard-cased seeds only birds with large beaks can eat.

If this drought persists for several years,

then what would be expected from natural selection?

More birds with small beaks dying than large-beaked

birds giving way to offspring produced in subsequent

generations having a higher percentage of

large-beaked birds.

The delta-32 allele has the lowest frequencies in areas where

HIV infection is rampant or abundant

Which of the following may explain why HIV-1 is highly lethal?

• Because evolution is short sighted

• Because HIV viral loads increase over time

• Because HIV infects host immune cells

• Because the high mutation rate of RNA viruses allows natural selection to act

The fungus Phytopthera infestans caused the Irish potato famine

because it infected potato crops and made them rot.

Phytopthera infestans is only virulent when it can avoid the

potato plant's defenses.

A loss-of-function mutation in the Avirulence gene allows this to

happen and causes potato disease, but only when fungal strains are

homozygous recessive (aa), not when they are AA or Aa. You observe a

potato crop where 75/150 plants have rotted from Phytopthera infestans.

At the Avirulence locus, what is the frequency of the a allele?

Not enough information

What is it called when two species experience similar environments

and evolve the same adaptations?

convergence

A reaction norm is:

the phenotypic possibilities of a single genotype across an environmental range

In Sub-Saharan Africa, the primary mode of transmitting HIV is:

male-female sex

Which of the following can cause AZT to

become less effective as a treatment for HIV infection?

Virions inside a person can mutate to a form

that does not allow reverse transcriptase to

incorporate AZT into DNA strands

Evolution is progressive in that complexity is always increasing

with time.

false

How does a biologist assess confidence in a particular node

of a phylogentic tree?

Bootstrapping or posterior probabilities

Mutation rates can be influenced by:

• the environment

• the gene region

• the species

Evolution cannot anticipate the future and produces changes in

populations based on past environments, not future environments.

true

The age of processed pseudogenes can be estimated by the

number of mutations they have accumulated. We expect to find that:

Older pseudogenes are shared by more species

Historically, snakes had legs and now they are

vestigial structures in certain species.

true

During years 1-6 of infection, HIV evolution is extremely fast,

but it slows down during year 7. What would be the underlying

cause for the HIV virus evolution to slow?

CD4 T cell count decrease

During the Chronic phase of HIV infection, the patient usually experiences few symptoms.

true

The Modern Synthesis is grounded in which of the following

disciplines synthesized with the theory of evolution:

genetics

DNA and protein studies reveal that:

variation among individuals and populations is ubiquitous (ever-present)

When Darwin first proposed evolution

Geologists had already observed that vast stretches

of time were required to produce some rock formations.

A cladogram is a tree based on:

clustering only synapomorphies

Which is NOT a category of drugs in use to disrupt

which stage of HIV's life cycle?

Cholesterol inhibitors

What are categories of drugs in use to disrupt which stage of HIV's life cycle?

• Integrase inhibitors

• coreceptor inhibitors

• Fusion inhibitors

In the chronic phase of HIV infection,

CD4 T-cell counts decrease continually.

true

What is a paraphyletic group of organisms?

group that includes a common ancestor and some but not all descendants.

Because finches with large beaks gave birth to chicks

with bigger beaks:

Beak size is a heritable trait

Viral load in a patient that is HIV positive

Initially increases, then decreases,

and then increases until the patient develops AIDS.

HIV follows which flow of genetic information?

RNA to DNA to mRNA to protein

In a phylogeny, when evolutionary histories are not well resolved

and the node has multiple (more than two) branches arising from it,

this is known as:

polytomy

How does AZT work?

Interrupts the pathway that adds more nucleotides

Which of the following does not provide evidence for evolution?

the immutability of species

Which of the following provides evidence for evolution?

• Theory of Plate Tectonics

• the human hemoglobin family

• discovery of Archaeopteryx

The amount of sunlight any orchid receives per day influences

growth rate, flowering time, and number of flowers.

This is an example of:

phenotypic plasticity

Polyploidy in animals is rare because:

diploid gametes most often combine with haploids,

producing an unstable triploid

HIV was introduced into humans only once (from SIV).

false

If a phylogenetic tree depicts extant taxa on the right

and the point of most recent common ancestry on the left:

The horizontal axis represents time

Isotopes with shorter half-lives are more useful for dating the age of Earth.

false

Which type of HIV virus is causing the AIDS epidemic?

HIV-1

Shared similarity of genetic flaws (e.g. mutations)

Provides further evidence of common descent

What is a synapomorphy?

a homologous trait that is shared among certain species.

HIV initiates replication by latching on to which two proteins?

CD4 and CCR5 (a coreceptor)

Assuming Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, in a population of

100 individuals, if phenotype frequencies are equal to AA and Aa 75%

and aa 25%, what is the probability of obtaining a homozygote

recessive zygote?

25%

Sexual selection by mate choice leads to

Evolution of elaborate courtship displays

Male pipefish selecting less parasite-ridden females to mate with is

an example of which type of sexual selection?

intersexual selection

Assume Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In a population with 756

individuals, if genotype frequencies are equal to AA 36%, Aa 48%,

and aa 16%, what is the probability of obtaining an "Aa” zygote?

48%

Phenotypic plasticity describes a scenario where individuals with

identical genotypes may have different phenotypes if they live in

different environments.

true

Why do male lions commit infanticide?

So the mothers of those cubs will mate with them

Assume Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In a population with 375

individuals, if genotype frequencies are equal to AA 36%, Aa 48%,

and aa 16%, what is the probability of obtaining a sperm with an “a”?

40%

In humans, sexual selection is likely to be greater in

men than in women because

Females spend more time and energy producing

offspring than males

What is the similarity between frequency-dependent selection and

heterozygote superiority?

Both patterns of selection maintain genetic diversity in populations

Australia has a population of koalas with 1,000 individuals.

Each generation, the migration rate of koalas floating out to Fiji

Island is m = 0.01. At koala locus K, there are K and k alleles,

and the k frequency on Australia is 0.9 whereas it is 0.4 on Fiji

island in generation 0. What will the k allele frequency be on the

island in generation 1, after migration from the mainland? You can

ignore genetic drift.

0.405

Under a system where the heterozygote allele is favored

(overdominance) we would expect to see what happen to a lethal

homozygote genotype?

It should be maintained in the population indefinitely

What is the effective population size if you have 50 males and 100

females in a population? Assume random mating, no selection,

mutation, or migration, and round to the nearest whole number.

133

4NefNem/(Nef + Nem)

After controlling for the effect of relatedness among species of bats,

what was the conclusion with regard to testes size in bats?

testes size is related to social group size

If there are 29 B1B1 individuals, 38 B1B2 individuals,

and 72 B2B2 individuals, then what is the frequency of B1B1?

20.8%

The frequency of a recessive loss-of-function allele ‘e’ in a

population of pig frogs is 0.02. Individuals with genotype ee do

not develop functional eyes, and are easy targets for predators,

thus the fitness of ee individuals is 0.1 compared to fitness of

1 for Ee and EE frogs. What must the mutation rate of E to e be for

the frequency of e to be maintained in the population at 0.02

frequency by mutation-selection balance?

m=0.00036

In the one-island model, which quantity can you ignore?

The proportion of island emigrants

Small male iguanas deal with interrupting copulation by

Ejaculating prior to copulation so sperm is ready to

be deposited immediately

Why don't Fuchsia flowers drop immediately after pollination has

finished?

they wait until the pollen tube has reached the ovary

What was Bateman's key insight that furthered the study of sexual selection?

That to understand sexual dimorphism we must quantify

the relationship between number of mates and

reproductive success for both males and females

Among the nonselective mechanisms of evolution,

there is one that is absolutely random, which is it?

genetic drift

In an unstable equilibrium, the frequency of favored allele A is 0.5.

If this frequency rises above 0.5, the frequency will do what?

Rise quickly to 1.0

In which of the following scenarios would it be important to

perform phylogenetically independent contrasts?

To test for a correlation between genome size and

host specificity among an array of parasitic species

Using the comparative method can reduce?

bias due to evolutionary relationships

What is sexual dimorphism?

a difference in males and females of a species.

Most of the 20 amino acids are encoded by more than one codon.

We might expect that codon usage would be random, and that each

codon in a suite of synonymous codons would be present in equal

numbers. However, this is not true. What name is given to the above

phenomenon?

codon bias

The more offspring a parent attempts to raise at once, the __________ ?

less time and energy the parent can devote to caring for each one

Based on genomic data, we infer that humans interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans because patterns of SNP excess indicate gene flow into non-African human lineages.

true

Although many different definitions of "species" exist, the essence of speciation is established as...?

lack of gene flow

Social interaction between animals where one individual imposes a penalty on another, and in so doing suffers a loss, is termed _______

spite

Cannibalism in cane toad tadpoles is an example of?

selfishness

Suboptimal life histories are observed because populations lack the time and/or additive genetic variation in life history traits to enable evolution toward an optimum

true

In female collared flycatchers, how did adding extra eggs in the nest during year 1, affect the females in later years?

They had smaller clutches each year after year 1

Which of the following types of diseases have the highest virulence on average?

vectorborne

What is it called when individuals with certain traits choose mates that share those same traits?

Assortative mating

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

• Homo ergaster should not be considered a human 'species because its braincase volume was so small

• Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis may in fact be the same species

• Robust australopithecines had larger teeth, jaws and jaw muscles than did gracile australopithecines

• Cro-Magnon I was a modern human with an exceptionally large braincase

With regards to the mutation accumulation hypothesis, a mutation that causes death late in life is likely to strongly selected against.

false

As evidenced from the seed beetle, Stator limatus, eggs laid on a poor food source should be ________?

larger

What is the most obvious genetic difference between humans and the African great apes?

Gorillas and chimps have 24 pairs of chromosomes, whereas humans have 23

Snowy campion, Silene latifolia, is a plant that is native to Europe and invasive in North America. What did Blair and Wolfe find out about this plant, as it relates to trade-offs?

plants are better adapted in the environment where they are found

What is an adaptive radiation?

When many new species form rapidly after exploitation of a new habitat by a certain group of organisms

What is senescence?

Late-life decline in fitness (survival and reproduction)

Language most likely arose after the evolution of modern humans (Homo sapiens).

true

Which of the following is evidence in support of the African replacement hypothesis?

higher neutral allelic diversity in extant human populations in Africa compared to Europe

the wealth of evidence of early hominin evolution is that the pattern of evolution leading from our last common ancestor to present day Homo sapiens has been a steady transformation of a single lineage.

false

Which of the following suggests human behavior evolved, at least in part, due to natural selection?

the study of human interactions where fathers had significantly more negative interactions with their step-children versus biological children

Humans share a more recent common ancestor with Homo ergaster than with Australopithecus anamensis

true