[Ch 14] Unit 9: Globalization

Population Explosion

The rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase

Green Revolution

a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.

Global Urbanization

The explosive growth of cities after 1900, caused by the reduced need for rural labor and more opportunities for employment in manufacturing, commerce, government, and the service industry.

Megacities

mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since World War II. Plagued by chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible pollution, and widespread poverty.

Labor Migration

The movement of people, often illegally, into another country to escape poverty or violence and to seek opportunities for work that are less available in their own countries.

Influenza Pandemic

Flu-like epidemic that killed more than 20 million people worldwide during 1918 and 1919

HIV/AIDS

Virus that destroys the immune system that should protect the body from diseases. The disease is passed from person to person through sexual acts, blood transfusions, used hypodermic needles, or from mother to child during birth.

Pan-Arabism

A movement that calls for unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts that the Arabs constitute a single nation.

Pan-Africanism

the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries

Cultural Globalization

The global spread of elements of popular culture such as film, language, and music from various places of origin, especially the spread of Western cultural forms to the rest of the world; has come to symbolize modernity, inclusion in global culture, and liberation or rebellion. It has prompted pushback from those who feel that established cultural traditions have been threatened.

Religious Fundamentalism

religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy/the demand for a strict and extreme adherence to a certain religious or moral doctrine

Hindutva

Fundamentalist Hindu movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s by advocating a distinct Hindu identity and decrying government efforts to accommodate other faith groups.

Islamic Radicalism

Movements that promote strict adherence to the Quran and the sharia, often in opposition to key elements of Western culture. Particularly prominent since the 1970s, such movements often present themselves as returning to an earlier expression of Islam. Examples include the Iranian revolution, Taliban, al-Qaeda, and Islamic State.

Anthropocene Era

A recently coined term denoting the "age of man," in general since the Industrial Revolution and more specifically since the mid-twentieth century. It refers to the unprecedented and enduring impact of human activity on the atmosphere, the geosphere, and the biosphere.

Halocene

The present epoch, the last 11,700 years. A relatively warm interglacial after the last major 'ice age'.

Climate Change

Long-term alteration of temperature and weather patterns.

Second-Wave Environmentalism

A movement that began in the 1960s and triggered environmental movements in Europe and North America. It was characterized by widespread grassroots involvement focused on issues such as pollution, resource depletion, protection of wildlife habitats, and nuclear power.

Paris Climate Agreement

An agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020.