AP Human Geography Unit 7

Cottage Industry

A type of industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes

Everything is done by hand

Slow and inefficient

The Industrial Revolution

A social and economic shift caused by the dramatic increase of manufacturing productivity

Began in Britain in the 1700’s

Introduction of power-driver machines to replace hand tools

Fordism

A means of mass production based on the assembly line method

Post-Fordism

A production system in which companies have replaced workers with machines to allow for faster and varied production

Deindustrialization

A reduction in the size of the manufacturing industry and industrial capacity of a place

Least Cost Theory

Theory that attempts to predict the location of manufacturing relative to the location of necessary raw materials and the market

Bulk-Reducing Industry

Raw materials are heavier than the final product

Bulk-Gaining Industry

The final product is heavier than the raw materials

Agglomeration

The spatial grouping of businesses in order to share costs

Break of Bulk Point

A location where goods are transferred from ones means of transportation to another

Locational Interdependence

The location decision for a factory being dependent upon the location of other factories

Footloose Business

A business that pack up and leave for a new location quickly and easily

Transnational Companies

Large international companies with locations in more that one company

Front Offices

Offices for an executive branch of workers, usually located in somewhere highly visible and important

Back Offices

Cheaper office spaces typically for non-executive employees, linked to the front office via technology so they donhave to be nearby

Offshoring

When companies locate their production in other countries due to a lower cost of operation.

Labor-Oriented Industries

Industries that locate close to major training institutions

Outsourcing

Contracting work out to non-company employees or other companies

Interdependence

The dependence of two or people or things on each other

Complementarity

Trade that occurs when parties have goods or services that the others want

Comparitive Advantage

The idea that a country should specialize in producing products for export that they have an advantage in producing

Neoliberaliism

An economic strategy that calls for free markets, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy

Trading Blocs

Groups of countries that consent to a common set of trade agreements

Newly Industrialized Countries

A country whose level of economic development ranks it somewhere between developing and highly developed countries

New International Division of Labor

A system of employment in the various economic sectors spread across throughout the world

High Income Countries

Rapidly increasing quaternary sectors that emphasize research and development

Middle Income Countries

Manufacture goods sold in high and low income countries

Low Income Countries

Have large primary sectors and export minerals and resources used in the production process

The Brandt Line

Illustrates growing development gap between MDC’s and LDC’s

Special Economic Zones

Areas in which business/trade laws are different from other parts of the country

Export Processing Zones

Spaces within a country industrial estates that concentrated for producing manufactured goods for export

Multiplier Effect

An initial economic stimulus can lead to a larger, ripple-like increase in overall economic activity and development in a region

Just-in-Time Delivery

A method of manufacturing where materials are sent to a factory moments before they are needed

Growth Poles

Concentration of technically advanced industries that stimulate economic development in the businesses that are connected to those industries

Backwash Effects

Possible downsides of growth poles

Corporate Parks

The congregation of office buildings on a landscape