Bio 233 - Chapter 24 - Exam 4

Thomas Graham

Made fundamental discoveries related to dialysis

Dialysis

The process used in modern health care for patients with kidney disease

Total body water volume

Roughly 40 liters (~60% of our total weight

Intracellular fluid

The fluid found inside the actual cells of our body. It is about 25 liters (and is about 40% of our total weight)

Extracellular fluid

The fluid that is outside our cells but within our body. It is about 15 liters (or about 20% of our total body weight)

Extracellular fluid can be divided into two forms

- Plasma (the water component of blood)

- Interstitial fluid (the fluid that leaks out of cells into surrounding spaces)

Different solutes in our body will vary in concentration relative to the composition of -

blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid

There are striking differences in both ________ and _________ ion concentrations in the various locations of the body

sodium and potassium

There is a high abundance of ________ _______ ions around neurons versus the high abundance of __________ ions within neurons compared to the extracellular levels

extracellular sodium; potassium

Our biggest gains of water in our body are through -

the consumption of fluids

Our biggest loss of water in our body is through -

urination

Tissues and the bloodstream can both have simultaneous -

gain and/or loss of fluids

Dehydration sensory mechanisms will result in stimulating ______________ ___________ to create a sense of thirst in our body that will encourage us to drink fluids

hypothalamic osmoreceptors

Stomach distention and intestinal distention may lead to -

less fluid consumption

Renin

An enzyme secreted by and stored in the kidneys that promotes production of the protein angiotensin

Angiotensin II

A vasoconstrictor that acts on the central nervous system to regulate renal sympathetic nerve activity, renal function, and impacts blood pressure

The production of Angiotensin II is regulated by ___________ and ________ being converted into Angiotensin I, which then is converted to Angiotensin II by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Renin and Angiotensiongen

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

The basic idea is that the liver produces angiotensinogen which is through a few steps converted into Angiotensin II which exerts effects leading to water RETENTION in the body

The sweat glands acquire water from the circulatory system that then can be used in sweating to cool the body through evaporative loss. Ultimately this water was first part of the _________ _____ of cells that diffused out into extracellular fluids that was fed back into circulation via the lymphatic system

Intercellular fluid

Water diuresis

The increase of urination rate caused above adequate fluid intake

We all need to consume roughly a minimum of about _____________ a day to fall in normal parameters, but it can often be even better to consume more over the course of an entire day

2 liters (roughly 8 cups of water)

Notice that when you drink above normal fluid intake, especially if you are being highly physically active, your blood volume -

does not appreciably change because our urinary system can excrete as more DILUTE urine, the excess water from our body

By having more dilute urine, you can decrease your potential to develop -

bladder cancers due to exposure to carcinogens

Water intoxication

Purposeful EXTREME ingestion of huge amounts of water in a very short time span

If a person were to consume 4-5 liters in a short period of time (in an hour or two), the person can end up experiencing -

sodium imbalance, which can be life-threatening

Hypovolemia

A condition that occurs when your body loses fluid, like blood or water

Hypotension

Abnormally low blood pressure

Hyponatremia

Condition that occurs when the level of sodium in the blood is too low

Hyperkalemia

Condition that occurs when the level of potassium in the blood is too high

Hypotension, Hyponatremia, and Hyperkalemia all relate to water fluid movement associated with the release of -

aldosterone to maintain blood pressure

The pH levels of the blood in normal cases exist within a relatively narrow range of -

7.35 - 7.45

Blood pH levels below 7.35 lead to -

acidosis

Blood pH levels above 7.45 lead to -

alkalosis

Acidosis

A process causing increased acidity in the blood and other body tissues (such as through an increased hydrogen ion concentration). If not further elaborated upon, it usually refers to the acidity of the blood plasma

Metabolic Acidosis

may result from either increased production of metabolic acids, such as lactic acid, or disturbances in the ability to excrete acid via the kidneys, such as either renal tubular acidosis or the acidosis of kidney failure, which is associated with an accumulation of urea and creatinine as well as metabolic acid residues of protein catabolism

Alkalosis

The result of reduced hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma and occurs when the serum pH is higher than normal (7.45 or higher)

Alkalosis is usually divided into the categories of -

- Respiratory Alkalosis (from hyperventilation)

- Metabolic Alkalosis (repeated vomiting, like from persistent stomach flu, or untreated bulimia)

Both Alkalosis and Acidosis, if left to extreme levels can -

result in death

Total body water volume =

40 L, 60% body weight

Intracellular fluid volume =

25 L, 40% body weight

Extracellular fluid volume (Interstitial fluid volume & Plasma volume) =

15 L, 20% body weight

Interstitial fluid volume =

12 L, 80% of ECF

Plasma volume =

3 L, 20% of ECF

Sodium ions are very high in -

blood plasma and interstitial fluid

Potassium ions are very high in -

intracellular fluid

We gain water from -

- Food (700mL)

- Drinks (1,600mL)

- Metabolic water (200mL) produced with net gain

We lose water from -

- Feces (200mL)

- Expired air (300mL)

- Cutaneous transpiration (400mL)

- Sweat (100mL)

- Urine (1,500mL)

Net gain and losses of water in a day both equal -

about 2,500mL (gain and lose 2 and a half liters a day)

Where is Angiotensinogen produced?

The Liver

Where is Renin produced

Kidney (juxtaglomerular cells)

You will die if your blood pH dips below -

6.8

You will die if your blood pH reaches above -

8

Respiratory causes of Acidosis

Hypoventilation, apnea, or respiratory arrest; asthma; emphysema; cystic fibrosis; chronic bronchitis; narcotic overdose

Respiratory causes of Alkalosis

Hyperventilation due to pain or emotions, such as anxiety; oxygen deficiency (as at high elevation)

Metabolic causes of Acidosis

Excess production of organic acids, as in diabetes mellitus and starvation; long-term anaerobic fermentation; hyperkalemia; chronic diarrhea; excessive alcohol consumption; drugs such as aspirin and laxatives

Metabolic causes of Alkalosis

Rare but can result from chronic vomiting; overuse of bicarbonates (antacids); aldosterone hypersecretion