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An Lushan Rebellion
Rebellion led by commander An Lushan in 755-757.
Rokshan
Sogdian name for An Lushan, the rebellion leader.
Tibetans and Uighurs
Groups that suppressed the An Lushan Rebellion.
Song territory
Region where military officials gained control.
Water paddle
Technological innovation for moving water efficiently.
Tang Dynasty
Chinese dynasty from 618 to 907.
Song Dynasty
Chinese dynasty from 960 to 1279.
Demographic shift
Population center moved south during Song era.
Agricultural revolution
Transformation in farming practices during the Song.
Northern vs Southern interests
Economic divergence between northern and southern China.
Commercial capital
Kaifeng, center of trade during the Song.
Tax system change
Shift from person-based to property-based taxation.
Scholar-officials (shidafu)
New elite class recruited through examinations.
Print culture
Rise of literature and education in Song society.
Confucian revival
Renewed focus on Confucian learning and moral cultivation.
Liao Dynasty
Conquest dynasty in northern China, 916-1125.
Jin Dynasty
Conquest dynasty in northern China, 1115-1234.
Five Dynasties Period
Era of disunion in China from 907 to 959.
Zhao Kuangyin
Founder of Song Dynasty through military coup.
Civil bureaucracy
Organized local administration under Song governance.
Treaty of Shanyuan
Agreement acknowledging multistate system in 1005.
Qingli reform
1043-45 reforms aimed at revitalizing the state.
Emperor Huizong
Reigned 1100-1125; led to dynastic collapse.
Zhao Kuangyin
Founded Song Dynasty after military coup.
Rule of Avoidance
Administrative strategy to prevent corruption.
Treaty of Shanyuan
Signed in 1005; acknowledged multistate system.
Qingli Reform
1043-1045 reforms aimed at revitalizing state.
Fan Zhongyan
Influential statesman and reform advocate.
Liao Dynasty
Conquest dynasty in northern China (916-1125).
Northern Song
Period from 960-1127, marked by consolidation.
Jin Dynasty
Conquest dynasty in northern China (1115-1234).
Southern Song
Period from 1127-1279 after Jin conquest.
Five Dynasties Period
907-959; marked by political fragmentation.
Consolidation of Imperial Order
Centralization of military and civil bureaucracy.
Civil Bureaucracy
Organized local administration with checks and balances.
Phantom Menace
Refers to ineffective reforms during Song Dynasty.
Khubilai Khan
Emperor of the Great Yuan, reigned 1271-1294.
Temüjin
Became Chinggis Khan in 1206; unified Mongols.
Ming Dynasty
Overthrew the Yuan in 1368.
Southern Tang
One of the states conquered by Zhao Kuangyin.
Opportunistic Irredentism
Policy leading to loss of Central Plain.
Imperial Indulgence
Luxury and Daoism practices by Emperor Huizong.
New Policies
Reforms during Shenzong's reign (1067-1085).
Chinggis Khan
Title granted at khuriltai in 1206.
Khuriltai
Mongolian assembly for electing leaders.
Military Establishment
Key to Mongol success and expansion.
Personal Charisma
Influential leadership trait of Chinggis Khan.
Mongol Universal Empire
Empire expanded significantly under Chinggis Khan.
Uighur Submission
Conquered by Mongols in 1211.
Jin Campaigns
Military actions against Jin from 1211-1215.
Khwarazm Campaign
Mongol invasion of Khwarazm in 1221.
Xi Xia Campaign
Conquest of Xi Xia in 1226.
Yelü Cucai
Khitan advisor to Chinggis Khan.
Ögödei Khan
Chinggis Khan's successor, ruled 1186-1241.
Möngke Khan
Grandson of Chinggis Khan, ruled 1209-1259.
Khanate of the Golden Horde
Mongol realm in south Russia and Ukraine.
Yuan Dynasty
Khubilai's rule over China, 1215-1294.
Occupational Households
Mongol customs imposed on Han Chinese.
All under Heaven
Concept redefined under Mongol rule.
Tanistry
Succession system based on familial relationships.
Khubilai
Mongolian emperor who established the Yuan dynasty.
Occupational households
Households engaged in specific trades or professions.
Darughachi
Mongol officials overseeing local governance.
Chinese Renaissance
Cultural revival during the Southern Song period.
Southern Song
Dynasty ruling from 1127 to 1279 in China.
Emperor Huizong
Southern Song emperor known for misled reforms.
Yue Fei
General stripped of power by Southern Song leadership.
Great Impartiality
Policy accommodating various political factions.
Shanyuan Treaty
Agreement restoring diplomatic relations with the Jin.
Medieval Economic Revolution
Period of significant economic growth and innovation.
Champa rice
High-yield rice variety introduced to China.
Huizi
Paper money used during the Southern Song.
Ever-Normal Granary
State-controlled grain storage system for price stability.
Kaifeng
Capital city of the Northern Song dynasty.
Lin'an
Capital city of the Southern Song dynasty.
Dadu
Capital city of the Yuan dynasty, near Beijing.
Imperial indulgence
Excessive luxury and Daoism by Emperor Huizong.
Military blunders
Strategic errors leading to loss of territory.
Economic prosperity
Growth in trade and agriculture during Southern Song.
Political purges
Elimination of dissenting literati opinions.
Wang Anshi
Reformer aiming to transform Southern Song society.
Emperor Shenzong
Young emperor facing military, financial, bureaucratic issues.
Wang Anshi
Southern man, successful administrator, master of Classics.
Green Sprout Policy
Economic reform to support agricultural production.
Mutual Responsibility Policy
Military reform ensuring shared accountability among troops.
Engrossing Families
Wealthy families hindering economic reforms and policies.
Sima Guang
Opposition leader against Wang Anshi's reforms.
Su Shi
Prominent figure opposing Wang Anshi's policies.
Cheng Yi
Critic of Wang Anshi, influential literati thinker.
Totalist Tendency
Wang Anshi's view of society as an integrated system.
New Policies
Reforms addressing economy, military, education, and government.
Service Exemption Policy
Economic reform exempting certain individuals from service.
State Trade Policy
Government control over trade to stabilize economy.
Commercialized Economy
Economy focused on trade and monetization.
Optimism Among Literati
Positive outlook fostering support for Wang's reforms.
Civil Service Examinations
System for selecting government officials based on merit.
Bureau for Commentaries on the Classics
Institution providing new curriculum for education reforms.
Chinese Renaissance
Cultural revival during the Song Dynasty.
Literati Protest
Resistance from educated elites against reforms.
Foundation in Antiquity
Wang's belief in learning from historical texts.
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