kbat 10 agriculture AP hug

agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations

Agriculture

the deliberate effort to modify a portion of earths surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain

aquaculture

Farming of aquatic organisms such as: fish, crustaceans, and aquatic plants

Boserup hypothesis

a postulate by Danish economist ester boserup that agricultural methods depend on the size of the population. The larger the world population grows, he more innovations are made to make feeding the expanding population possible.

More people you are, more food you need. Less people, less food you need

Carl sauer

1825 geographer at university of California, argued that cultural landscapes should be the fundamental focus of geographic inquiry

all land is touched by humans

Commercial agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

Commodity chain

A sequential process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities and finally distribute them to customers

basically the process of packaging food

Crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil

Dairying

An agricultural enterprise where the primary goal is long-term milk production, producing milk products most commonly from cows and goats

Domestication

the process by which animals become accustomed to human provision and control

Example: dogs and cats were some of the first animals to be domesticated

Double-cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field

Extensive subsistence agriculture

An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area

Fallow

This is the stage of crop rotation in which the land is left uncultivated

Von thünen's model

Agricultural model that describes activities that need intensive cultivation and can't be transported over great distances pay high rent to be close to the market.

Feedlot

Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate

GMO (genetically modified organisms)

Organism who's genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

Green revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

Intensive subsistence agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

Intertillage

The practice of planting taller, stronger crops to shelter lower more fragile ones from tropical landscape

Example: putting crops between other crops to protect them

Livestock ranching

Ranching: is the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

Luxury crops

Crops not grown for sustenance to include read cacao, coffee, and tobacco

Market gardening

Relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and resteraunts.

A wide variety of crops growth in a small space.

Mediterranean agriculture

Type of specialized farming occurring only in the areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea

Milk shed

The area of surrounding a city from which milk is supplied

Neolithic revolution

The first agricultural revolution. Discovery of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent of Asia, 14,000 years ago

Pastoral nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals

Plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country

ranching

a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock grace over an extensive area

Raising of livestock

Ridge-tilling

System of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation

Rural settlement

Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities

Shifting cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period

Slash-and-burn (Swidden)

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris

Subsidy

Form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector

Subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmers family

Survey patterns

Patterns to survey land on earth

Sustainable agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides

Thomas Malthus

An influential British scholar, famous for his theories on demography and political economy

Tragedy of the commons

Multiple individuals acting independently and rationally consulting their own self-interest, will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long-term interest for this to happen

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

Truck farm

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities

Vertical integration

a management style where companies in a supply chain are united through a common owner. Each member supplies a product, and all of the products are combines to satisfy a common need

Biotechnology

Use of genetically engineered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production

Example: radiation of meats and vegetables to prolong there freshness