Hemoflagellates, Coccidians, Nematodes

Hemoflagellates

Parasites that belong to the Trypanosoma and Leishmania genera and have flagella.

Trypanosoma

A genus of hemoflagellates that includes Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, and Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness.

Leishmania

A genus of hemoflagellates that causes leishmaniasis, a disease transmitted by sandflies.

Four Morphological Forms

The different forms that hemoflagellates can take, including amastigotes, promastigotes, epimastigotes, and trypomastigotes.

Amastigotes

The form of hemoflagellates that lacks a flagellum and is found inside host cells.

Promastigotes

The form of hemoflagellates that has a flagellum at the anterior end and is found in the vector.

Epimastigotes

The form of hemoflagellates that has a flagellum at the anterior end and is found in the vector.

Trypomastigotes

The infective stage of Trypanosoma, characterized by a full undulating membrane and an anterior flagellum.

Trypanosoma cruzi

The species of Trypanosoma that causes Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis.

Chagas Disease

A disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by reduviid bugs, causing symptoms such as cardiac enlargement and organ enlargement.

Metacyclic Trypomastigotes

The infective stage of Trypanosoma found in the excreta of reduviid bugs.

Diagnostic Stage

The stage of Trypanosoma that can be used for diagnosis, such as C or S shaped trypomastigotes in blood smears.

Reduviid Bug

Also known as "assassin bug" or "kissing bug," the vector for Trypanosoma cruzi.

Infective Stage

The stage of hemoflagellates that is capable of infecting a host.

Diagnostic Test

A test used to diagnose hemoflagellate infections, such as blood examination, Machado-Guerreiro test, complement fixation, electrocardiography, CSF examination, skin test, xenodiagnosis, and culture.

Leishmaniasis

A disease caused by Leishmania and transmitted by sandflies, characterized by skin lesions and organ enlargement.

Promastigotes

The form of Leishmania found in the vector and culture.

Amastigotes

The form of Leishmania recovered from the patient.

Visceral Leishmaniasis

A form of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani, characterized by abdominal swelling and organ enlargement.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A form of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica, characterized by dry lesions on the face.

Malaria

A disease caused by Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, characterized by recurring paroxysms of chills, fever, and sweating.

Plasmodium

A genus of Apicomplexa parasites that cause malaria.

Anopheles Mosquito

The vector for Plasmodium, particularly Anopheles minimus flavirostris.

Intraerythrocytic

Parasites that live inside red blood cells.

Schizogony

The asexual reproduction of Plasmodium, characterized by the formation of schizonts and merozoites.

Sporogony

The sexual reproduction of Plasmodium, characterized by the formation of oocysts and sporozoites.

Paroxysm of Malaria

The cyclical pattern of symptoms in malaria, including the cold, hot, sweating, and normal stages.

Hypnozoites/Cryptozoites

Dormant forms of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale that can reactivate and cause relapses.

Erythrocytic Cycle

The stage of Plasmodium that occurs in the blood and involves the infection of red blood cells.

Reticulocytes

Young red blood cells that are preferred by some species of Plasmodium for infection.

Merozoites

The form of Plasmodium that is released from infected red blood cells and invades new cells.

Plasmodium falciparum

The most common and pathogenic species of Plasmodium in the Philippines.

Plasmodium vivax

A species of Plasmodium that causes relapsing malaria.

Plasmodium ovale

A species of Plasmodium that causes relapsing malaria.

Plasmodium malariae

A species of Plasmodium that causes quartan malaria.

Plasmodium knowlesi

A zoonotic species of Plasmodium that infects macaque monkeys.

RBCs/reticulocytes

Red blood cells that may contain reticulocytes, which are immature red blood cells.

P

A species of Plasmodium, the parasite that causes malaria, commonly associated with severe cases of the disease.

Early

Referring to the early stages of the Plasmodium life cycle in the human host.

Ring form merozoite

The form of the Plasmodium parasite that appears as a ring-shaped structure within red blood cells.

Chromatin dot - red

A red dot within the ring form merozoite, indicating the presence of chromatin.

Cytoplasmic ring - blue

A blue ring within the ring form merozoite, indicating the presence of cytoplasm.

Single infection

A malaria infection caused by a single species of Plasmodium.

Falciparum / malariae

Different species of Plasmodium that can cause malaria, with falciparum being associated with severe cases and malariae being associated with a milder form of the disease.

Normal size mature RBC

Mature red blood cells that are of normal size.

Vivax / ovale

Different species of Plasmodium that can cause malaria, with vivax and ovale being associated with a relapsing form of the disease.

Enlarged RBC

Red blood cells that are larger than normal.

Unusual forms (?, !)

Unusual forms of the Plasmodium parasite within red blood cells.

Headphone

A term used to describe the appearance of the Plasmodium parasite within red blood cells, resembling a headphone.

Multiple infection

A malaria infection caused by multiple species of Plasmodium.

Accolé / marginal infection

A type of multiple infection where the parasites are found at the edges of the red blood cells.

Mix infection

A type of multiple infection where different species of Plasmodium are present.

Symptoms may still look normal

Despite having a mix infection, the symptoms of malaria may not be different from those caused by a single species infection.

Developing

Referring to the developing stages of the Plasmodium life cycle in the human host.

Feeding stage

The stage of the Plasmodium parasite where it feeds on hemoglobin within red blood cells.

Hemozoites

The stage of the Plasmodium parasite where it feeds on hemoglobin within red blood cells.

Leaves feces in RBC

The Plasmodium parasite leaves waste products in the red blood cells it infects.

Changes while feeding

Different species of Plasmodium exhibit different changes in the appearance of infected red blood cells while feeding.

Vivax - Schuffner's dots

A characteristic appearance of infected red blood cells caused by Plasmodium vivax, resembling dots.

Falciparum - Maurer’s clefts

A characteristic appearance of infected red blood cells caused by Plasmodium falciparum, resembling clefts.

Ovale - James dots

A characteristic appearance of infected red blood cells caused by Plasmodium ovale, resembling dots.

Malariae - Ziemann's dots

A characteristic appearance of infected red blood cells caused by Plasmodium malariae, resembling dots.

Knowlesi - Sinton-Mulligan’s dots

A characteristic appearance of infected red blood cells caused by Plasmodium knowlesi, resembling dots.

Merozoite in schizont will putok so RBC will putok also

The bursting of a red blood cell when the merozoite stage of the Plasmodium parasite within it ruptures.

Does not circulate sa blood ng matagal

The merozoite stage of Plasmodium falciparum does not stay in the bloodstream for a long time.

Merozoite Classification by number

Different species of Plasmodium have different numbers of merozoites within their schizonts.

P

Plasmodium ovale has the fewest number of merozoites within its schizonts.

P

Plasmodium falciparum has the highest number of merozoites within its schizonts.

Cytoadherence

The ability of infected red blood cells to stick to other red blood cells, causing blockages in blood vessels.

Hypoxia → Anoxia

Reduced oxygen levels in the tissues leading to severe lack of oxygen.

Brain in need of much oxygen - cerebral malaria

The brain requires a high amount of oxygen and is particularly affected by reduced oxygen levels in cerebral malaria.

More hemolysis → results to black water fever

Increased destruction of red blood cells leading to the release of hemoglobin into the urine, causing it to appear dark or black.

Merozoite Classification by arrangement

Different species of Plasmodium have different arrangements of merozoites within their schizonts.

Falciparum, Ovale, Vivax

Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium vivax have no particular arrangement of merozoites within their schizonts.

Malariae

Plasmodium malariae has a particular arrangement of merozoites within its schizonts, resembling a flower, rosette, daisy bud/head, or fruit pie.

Bursting of red cell

The rupture of a red blood cell, releasing the merozoites of the Plasmodium parasite.

Release of red cell w/ schizont

The release of a red blood cell containing the schizont stage of the Plasmodium parasite.

Paroxysm is observed

The characteristic periodic episodes of fever and chills in malaria.

Thick and Thin smear

Two types of blood smears used for diagnosing malaria, with the thick smear being more sensitive for detecting the presence of the parasite and the thin smear used for species identification.

Tertian malaria

Malaria with fever occurring every 48 hours or on the 3rd day, commonly caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale.

Quartan malaria

Malaria with fever occurring every 72 hours or on the 4th day, commonly caused by Plasmodium malariae.

Subtertian malaria

Malaria with fever occurring every 36-48 hours, commonly caused by Plasmodium falciparum.

Quotidian malaria

Malaria with fever persisting every 24 hours, commonly caused by Plasmodium knowlesi.

Gametogony

The stage in the Plasmodium life cycle where gametocytes, the sexual forms of the parasite, are produced.

Gametocytes

The sexual

Sariling sikap

Self-infection of Strongyloides stercoralis through skin penetration, causing autoinfection.

Ascaris lumbricoides

Giant intestinal roundworm, the most common intestinal nematode found in tropical and subtropical countries, measuring 15-30 cm in length.

Mammillary coat

The outer covering of the Ascaris lumbricoides egg, which can be either corticated (fertilized) or decorticated (unfertilized).

Maturity

The stage of development of the Ascaris lumbricoides worm, either fertilized or unfertilized.

Infective stage

The stage of the Ascaris lumbricoides life cycle when the eggs are embryonated and contain larvae inside, which occurs in the soil and takes 2-3 weeks.

Diagnostic stage

The stage of the Ascaris lumbricoides life cycle when the eggs or adult worms can be detected in the stool.

Habitat

The location within the host where Ascaris lumbricoides resides, which is the small intestine.

Final Host

The host in which Ascaris lumbricoides completes its life cycle, which is humans.

Resist, persist

The ability of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs to survive in the environment and persist for long periods of time.

Female

The female Ascaris lumbricoides worm, characterized by trilobate lips, a straight posterior end, and the ability to lay 200,000-240,000 eggs per day.

Male

The male Ascaris lumbricoides worm, characterized by an incurved tail with 2 spicules and a slenderer body compared to the female.

Pathogenesis

The disease process caused by the presence of adult Ascaris lumbricoides worms, which can lead to intestinal obstruction, chest pain, pneumonitis, and Loeffler's syndrome.

Unfertilized Egg

The Ascaris lumbricoides egg that is longer and narrower, with a thin inner shell and outer albuminoid coat. If found in the stool, it indicates a female worm that has not been fertilized.

Fertilized Egg

The Ascaris lumbricoides egg that is round or oval, with a golden brown albuminoid coat due to bile. It indicates a female worm that has been fertilized.

Diagnosis

The methods used to diagnose Ascaris lumbricoides infection, including direct fecal smear (DFS), Kato-Katz technique, and concentration techniques such as FECT, brine, and zinc sulfate.