Phlebotomy Exam #2

Anatomy

The study of the shape and the structure of the body and the relationship of one body part to another.

Physiology

The study of the function of each body part and how the function of the various parts coordinate to form a living organism.

Homeostasis

Occurs when all parts of the body work together to form a steady rate

Metabolism

Process in the body of making substances and breaking down substances so the body can function

Catabolism

Process of producing energy by breaking down complex compounds into simple compounds

Anabolism

Process of the body using simple substances to build complex substances

Anticoagulant

Chemical substance that prevents blood from clotting

Pulmonary System

System circulating blood through the lungs

Systemic System

System circulating blood throughout the body with the exception of the lungs

Thrombocytes

Formed blood elements; also known as platelets

Antecubital Fossa

The position of the arm that is in front of the bend of the elbow. The most prominent veins for venipuncture are located in this are.

Basilic Vein

The vein on the little finger side of the arm that runs the length of the arm

Buffy coat

Layer of cells in an anticoagulant tube of blood that is positioned between the red blood cells and the plasma layers. The Buffy coat consists of white blood cells and platelets

Centrifuge

Instrument that spins and separates blood into layers depending on the weight of each layer. The heavier elements are pushed to the bottom due to centrifugal force

Median Cubital Vein

The vein in the antecubital fossa area of the arm that bridges the cephalic and basilica veins

Occluded

Blocked; the normal flow of blood is prevented

Plasma

Fluid portions of blood when no clotting has taken place

Serum

Fluid portion of the blood after clotting has taken place

Leukocytes

Formed blood element; also known as white blood cells

Erythrocytes

Formed blood element; also known as red blood cells

Epithelial Tissue

Protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces. Capable of absorption as seen in the small intestine. Secretion in the body is through the epithelial tissue. All glands are composed of epithelial tissue, such as exocrine and endocrine glands

Connective Tissue

Supports and connects organs and tissues of the body. Adipose and areolar tissue, types of connective tissue, store fat and support both nerve cells and blood vessels. Ligaments, bone, cartilage, blood, and lymph fluid are also types of connective tissue

Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue has the ability to shorten, thicken, or contract. The three types of muscle tissues are cardiac, skeletal, and smooth. Cardiac muscle makes up the walls of the heart. Skeletal muscle connects to the skeleton to provide movement. Smooth muscle makes up the walls of the digestive tract, genitourinary tract, respiratory tract, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Nervous Tissue

Consists of neutrons that have the ability to react. They are found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. This very organized tissue of the body allows us to control and coordinate body activities

Epidermis Layer

Contains no blood vessels

Dermis Layer

Made up of connective tissue and contains blood vessels

Internal Respiration

Oxygen-rich blood diffuses oxygen into tissue cells

External Respiration

The lungs take in oxygen and transfer it to red blood cells

What percentage of composition of blood is formed elements?

45%

What percentage of composition of blood is plasma or serum

55%

Function of White Blood Cells

Body Defense

Formation of White Blood Cells

Bone marrow, lymphatic tissue

Size/shape of White Blood Cells

9-16 micrometers; different size, shape, color, nucleus (core)

Life Span of White Blood Cells

Varies, 24 hours, years

Normal Values of White Blood Cells

3,500-11,000/cubic millimeters

Removal of White Blood Cells

Bone marrow, liver, spleen

Function of Red Blood Cells

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide (intravascular)

Formation of Red Blood Cells

Bone marrow

Size/shape of Red Blood Cells

6-7 micrometers, biconcave disc, normally no nucleus in mature cells found in blood stream

Life Span of Red Blood Cells

100-120 days

Normal Values of Red Blood Cells

3.8-5.9 million/cubic millimeter

Removal of Red Blood Cells

Bone marrow, liver, spleen

Function of Platelets

Stoppage of bleeding

Formation of Platelets

Bone marrow

Size/shape of Platelets

1-4 micrometers; fragments of megakaryocytes

Life Span of platelets

9-12 days

Normal values of platelets

150,000-400,000/cubic millimeters

Removal of Platelets

Spleen

What 2 structures underlie the basilic vein and should be avoided

Brachial artery and Median cutaneous nerve

On what side of the wrist is the radial artery located?

Thumb side of the wrist, or lateral side of the wrist

Plasma

Liquid portion of the blood when no clotting has taken place (contains fibrinogen)

Serum

Liquid portion of the blood when clotting has taken place (contains all proteins except for the clotting factors ~ fibrinogen)

The right half of the heart carries ____ blood

deoxygenated

The left half of the heart carries ___ blood

oxygenated

Blood from the right atrium gets pumped to the ___ ventricle

Right

Blood from the left atrium gets pumped to the ___ ventricle

Left

Blood from the ___ ventricle gets pumped to the ___

Right, lung

Blood from the ___ ventricle gets pumped to the ____

Left, aorta

What ventricle pumps blood the farthest

Left

When coronary arteries become occluded, there is a possibility of a

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A purpose of starting the process in terms of the electrical conduction system of the heart. It is known as the pacemaker as it does not need an outside stimulus to cause it to start a heartbeat. It generates an electrical impulse that is then transmitted to the AV node.

Atrioventricular (AV) node

The purpose of taking on the electrical impulse of the SA node and causing the atria to contract as this is what allows the heart to pump blood. The electrical impulse then travels a length of conduction fibers called the bundle of His.

Bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)

The bundle of His innervates the right and left ventricles as they run up and down the septum of the heart reaching the ventricles of the heart allowing for the electrical impulse to reach both ventricles and the purkinje fibers.

Purkinje Fibers

the primary cause for how the ventricles contract as they take on the electrical impulses transmitted by the bundle of His.

The mucous membrane, gastrointestinal tract or broken skin can be a ____ for an infection

Portal of entry

People, equipment or water can be the ___ of the infection

source

Direct contact, ingestion or the air can be a ____ for the agent of an infection

Means of transmission

An immunosuppressed patient or a burn patient is a likely ____

susceptible host

The ____ for an infection can be through excretions, secretions or droplets

Portal of exit

Drainage/Secretion Isolation

Wound or skin precautions for patients with open wounds

Protective or Reverse Isolation

Protecting the patient from the healthcare worker

Respiratory Isolation

Disease transmitted through the air such as mumps, pertussis or rubella

Tuberculosis Isolation

Isolation of a patient with tuberculosis

Contact Isolation

Isolation of a patient with scabies

Enteric Isolation

Patients with severe diarrhoea due to Salmonella, Shigella or Vibrio cholera

Reason/Explanation : Rings and watches may harbour ___

microorganisms

Procedure : Step back so your ___ does not touch the sink

Reason/Explanation for this step : Avoiding this will ____ contaminated ____ from getting in contact with the patients and passing this contamination to the ____ or other healthcare workers

Clothing, prevent, clothing, patient

Procedure Step : Scrub hands for a minimum of ____ to ____ seconds.

Reason/explanation for this step : It takes this amount of time to ___ ___

15 to 20, remove microorganisms

Procedure Step : Rinse hands with water flowing ___ off the fingertips.

Reason/explanation for this step : This type of flow will help ___ any residual ___ on the hands

Downward, remove, contamination

Procedure Step: Turn off water with ____

Reason/explanation for this step : Using this type of towel will avoid contamination from a previous user

Paper towels

Procedure Step : Grasp the palm of the used glove.

Reason/explanation for this step : This is done to pull one glove ___ the other glove.

Inside

Procedure Step : Insert fingers under the ___ of the other glove.

Reason/explanation for this step : This is done to avoid ___ the ungloved hand

Cuff, contaminating

Procedure Step : Pull the glove down off the hand.

Reason/explanation for this step : This will leave the gloves now ___ the other

Inside

Autoclave

Instrument for sterilizing that uses steam under pressure

Autogenous Infection

Infection from one’s own flora

Biohazard

Anything that is potentially hazardous to humans, living organisms, or the environment

Body Substance Isolation

The type of isolation that expanded universal precautions to require glove use when contacting all body substances

Blood-Borne Pathogen

A pathogen that is spread by blood and body fluids containing blood. Typically, the pathogens are hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Chemical Hazard

Any element, chemical compound, or mixture of elements and/ or compounds that causes physical or health hazards

Communicable Disease

Disease that is spread from person to person

Category-Specific Isolation

Isolation based on the category (strict, respiratory, etc) of isolation

Disease-Specific Isolation

Isolation based on the type of disease infecting the patient

Employee Input

Involvement of nonmanagerial, frontline employees in decisions for the use of needle safety devices.

Engineering Controls

Controls that isolate or remove blood-borne pathogens hazardous for the workplace.

Exposure Control Plan

A plan that identifies those tasks and procedures in which occupational exposure may occur and identifies the positions whose duties include those tasks or procedures.

Irritant Contact Dermatitis

Irritation and redness of the skin by direct contact with a chemical irritant.

Latex Allergy

An allergy to natural rubber latex. It is an allergy to the latex proteins that are released in the use of latex-containing products.

Local Infection

An infection affecting only one area of the body.

Recordkeeping

Maintaining information and records of any job-related injuries.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Equipment that is used to protect the health care associate from exposure to blood and body fluids.