FINAL REVIEW-Fluids and electrolytes

2/3 of body fluid is made up of -

Interstitial fluid

1/3 of body fluid is made up of -. Of that 1/3, i5 can be separated down into 2/3 of - - and 1/3 of - -

Extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, blood plasma

Intracellular fluid content

K+, Mg2+, PO4 3-, negatively charged proteins

-LITTLE-TO-NO PROTEIN

Extracellular fluid content

Blood plasma, Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-

-PROTEIN

In intracellular fluid cations, the % of potassium is -

75

In intracellular fluid proteins and anions, the % of proteins is -

27

In Interstitial fluid AND blood plasma cations, sodium is - %

94

In interstitial fluid proteins and anions, proteins are -, and blood plasma has - % of them

Trace (not significant), 10

In fluid intake and output, the amount is - per day

2,500 mL/day

The obligatory urine output is - per day

500 mL

The facultative urine output is - per day

1000 mL

Fluid imbalance

When output doesn’t equal input

Volume depletion

Occurs with constant osmolarity

-Loss of isotonic fluid is greater than gain

-Bleeding, burns, chronic vomiting or diarrhea

-Osmolarity stays the same in either case

Volume excess

Occurs within constant osmolarity

-Gain of isotonic fluid is greater than loss

-Intake normal, decreased loss through kidney failure

-Osmolarity stays the same in either case

Dehydration

Occurs With changes in osmolarity

-Loss of water through sweating, hyposecretion of ADH, insufficient water intake, etc

-Water loss is greater than solute loss, making the blood HYPERTONIC

-Water will shift from the cells into the interstitial space, and then the blood

Hypotonic hydration

Occurs with changes in osmolarity

-“Water intoxication”

-Too much water

-Blood becomes HYPOTONIC

-Cells and interstitial space are hypertonic relative to the blood

-As a result, fluid moves from the blood into the tissues

-(Cerebral edema)

Fluid sequestration

Occurs with changes in osmolarity

-Total body fluid normal, but distributed abnormally

-Due to CV disease, change in blood composition, lymphatic changes

-Edema

Respiratory acidosis

Hypoventilation

-Most common overall

-Carbon dioxide is too high in the blood

Respiratory alkalosis

Hyperventilation

-Not enough CO2 in the blood

Metabolic acidosis

Lost too much bicarbonate

-Accumulated too much acid

-Renal failure, alcohol, ketoacidosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Excess bicarbonate in the blood

-Vomiting, diuretic overuse

Respiratory compensation-metabolic acidosis

Increased respiratory rate to decrease acid

Respiratory compensation-metabolic alkalosis

Decrease respiratory rate to decrease oxygen in the blood

Respiratory compensation isn’t as effective as - -

Renal response

Renal compensation-increased hydrogen ions in blood

INCREASE IN HYDROGEN IONS=MORE ACIDIC=DROP IN PH

-Reabsorption of bicarbonate from urine

-Can also secrete more H+

Renal compensation-decreased hydrogen ions in blood

DECREASED HYDROGEN IONS=MORE BASIC=INCREASE IN PH

-Causes decrease of reabsorption of HCO3- in blood

-Decrease in secretion of H+