Carter Civ Arts Exam 1

Humanism

Man is the measure of all things
Greek art is for and about people (Whether mortals or immortals)
definite emphasis on the human form and human concerns

Idealism

Greek art developed over time as artists constantly worked towards an ideal
statues in the classical greek phase represent an imagined "ideal" rather than a specific individual; artists basically took the best features of many people and combined them to make a perfect idealized form
(Partheon was developed over secnturies [FOR THE PEOPLE])

Rationalism

(The classical phase) often considered the high point of Greek art, focuse NOT on emotions but ON THE MIND. art was to appeal the intelligent
- through time in arts and history the shift between the arts and the mind occured alot -

What was the 2 functions of the Propylae? Primary Function

(entryway and museum)
gateway to the Acropolis of Athens.
gateway (amusemeant park)
museum (art usually in daily life)

Why is the Erechtheion famous? Wgat do the caryatids likely represent?

(Porch of Maidens/caryaids)
This architecture work looks like the women who were traitors were carrying loads. It was a procession

General Background about Greek culture, Western Civ and importance

not much music, they were trying to make sense of the world, the people wanted to have a say, they were exploring natural laws,
there was literature and paintings (mainly on walls except pottery), but *mainly sculptures, architecture, and music

Why is the Parthenon a landmark in western civilization?

embodies greek ideas; highpoint of temple development; encapsulates Greeks history and beliefs' celebrates proportion and harmony

It was Built as a pagan temple to the goddess Athena - it was a christian church for many centuries until the Turks took over

What 2 things was Athena the Goddess of? and what event damaged the Pathenon in the late 1600s?

goddess of wisdom and military victory - In the Late 1600s
In the Morean War, a Venetian bomb landed on the Parthenon, which the Ottomans had used as a munitions dump, during the 1687 siege of the Acropolis. The resulting explosion severely damaged the Parthenon.

Were most people allowed into the Parthenon?

At the time, only a handful of priests and religious figures could go inside. Even Pericles himself was famously, only allowed on the second step.

Where are the Parthenon sculptures now? and who took them their? What 2 museams are part of the ongoing controversy?

They are now in the British Museum because Lord Elgin took them their since the Greeks do not have a good museum to keep them safe.

Elgin Marbles

The Elgin Marbles are a collection of Ancient Greek sculptures from the Parthenon and other structures from the Acropolis of Athens

Drapery

Type of draped clothing (Nike) - flowing/drapery

Post-and-Lintel

Method of construction in which two vertical posts support a horizontal beam.

Facade

Front face of a building

What was the building materials of the ancestors of temples such as the Parthenon? How might this have impacted the appearance

Made of wood
impacted entasis and triglyphs
entasis \= The curve along the tapering lines of a column (bulge/tapre)
triglyphs \= an architectural term for the vertically channeled tablets of the Doric frieze, so called because of the angular channels in them, two perfect and one divided, the two chamfered angles or hemiglyphs being reckoned as one.

What are the column parts. Base, Shaft, and Capital

Base \= decrative section of masonry at the bottom of Ionic & Corinthian columns
Shaft \= The vertical section of a column between the capital and base
Capital \= the decorative top parts of a column that supports the entablature

3 Greek Orders (column types): Doric, Ionic, Corinthian

Base: Ionic and Corinthian columns Shaft: Entasis (curve along the tapering lines of column); Flutes (indentations in the column)Capital: Top part that supports entablature

Doric - Earliest and Simplest (Greek)Ionic - Somewhat ornateCorinthian - Most ornate (Greek; popular during Hellenistic and Roman periods)

Entasis

a slight convex curve in the shaft of a column, introduced to correct the visual illusion of concavity produced by a straight shaft.

Fluting

a series of shallow concave grooves, vertical on the shaft of a column.

Volutes

In the Iconic Order, the spiral scroll motif decorating the capital

Acanthus Leaves

an architectural ornament, as in the Corinthian capital, resembling the leaves of this plant.

Where is the entablature located? What are the three parts of the entablature?

The entablature is found above the columns of a structure, but below the roof. Entablature elements such as the cornice, frieze, and architrave are supported by the columns below and offered support for the roof above.

the architrave (the supporting member immediately above; equivalent to the lintel in post and lintel construction), the frieze (an unmolded strip that may or may not be ornamented), and the cornice (the projecting member

frieze

ornamental band on a wall
(Ribbon or refief sculptures), continuous or alternating

Triglyphs

a triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes

Metopes

The carved or painted rectangular panel between the triglyphs of a Doric frieze

Pediment

the triangular top of a temple that contains sculpture

What is the Golden Section and how does it relate to the Parthenon?

The Greeks supposedly thought that the golden ratio was special because it repeatedly appeared in nature, and because it was pleasing to the eye. The golden ratio was even said to have been applied to the building of the Parthenon, a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena

What were some refinements to the Parthenon, and reason for these?

no straight lines, the end columns wider and closer together. This was all for greater beauty

How does the Parthenon expemplify humanism, Idealism, and Rationalism?

Gods are depicted in human form, sculptures are carved with ideal proportions, and rationalism can be found in the scenes carved there.

3 key types of relief

high relief, low relief, free standing (in the round)

high relief

sculptural technique in which obkects project from the surface of which they remain a part; the degree of relief is designated High or low depending on how much the object PROJECTS from the background \--- a carved panel where the figures project with a great deal of depth from the background

low relief

sculptural relief that projects very little from the background; also called bas-relief

high relief

a carved panel where the figures project with a great deal of depth from the background

free standing (in the round)

sculpture, such as Michelangelo's David, which is not attached to a background wall, but - as the name suggests - stands free

What is the general subject of the Parthenon sculptures

who the Athenians were and what they cared about

Metopes

The carved or painted rectangular panel between the triglyphs of a Doric frieze

What are netopes, cella frieze, and pediment sculptures about???

Lapiths and Centaurs, Athenas birthday or patriotic sacrifice of daughters of Erechtheus, Birth of Athena and her competition with Poseidon to be patron of Athena)

Kouros

Greek word for "male youth." An Archaic Greek statue of a standing, nude youth.

What are the 5 standards of beauty as seen in the Doryphoros?

1) youthful
2)athletic
3)carefully proportioned
4)natural stance (contrapposto pose)
5)controlled emotions - never let them see you sweat

Doryohoros in english and who was the scultpure

The Doryphoros of Polykleitos is one of the best known Greek sculptures of Classical antiquity, depicting a solidly built, muscular, standing warrior, originally bearing a spear balanced on his left shoulder

A spear-bearer; a statue of a man holding a spear or in the attitude of a spear-bearer.

Cannon of Polykleitos

He was a greek sculptor and was highly successful of the mid-400s BC his canon or rules consisted of rules for creating the ideal human form - it depended on a certain essence of balance and order.

What historical event ushered the Hellenistic era?
How did it affect art of this time?

The death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. traditionally marks the beginning of the Hellenistic period. Alexander's generals, known as the Diadochoi, that is, "successors," divided the many lands of his empire into kingdoms of their own.

Though Alexander the Great died before realizing his dream of uniting a new realm, his influence on Greek and Asian culture was so profound that it inspired a new historical epoch—the Hellenistic Period

Hellenistic Developments in Sculpture

period of uncertainty; more individualistic; more diversity of ages; artistic skill prized; movement often stressed; EMOTION

Which emotion did Classical greece stress versus Hellenistic

Greece stressed the mind while Hellenistic stressed emotions

Name 3 examples of Hellenistic art?

Nike of Manothrace, Dying Gaul, Laocoon (known specifics regarding them)

Nike of Somathrace

-marble
-very detailed
-classical greece

Winged Victory of Samothrace

Form:
-marble
-textures shown
-very dramatic motion, explosive,
-forward movement counteracted by the backward movement of her wings
Content:
-nike lands on front of ship descending from the heavens
-wet drapery look to the sculpture
-twist and contrapposto of the torso
Function:
-war monument
-commemorating a naval victory
-nike is a symbol of victory
Context:
- 190 BCE Hellenistic Greek

Go over Lacoon and His sons, (The connection to the Trojan war and the story)

hierarchical proportion

when figures are arranged in a work of art so scale indicates importance

Doctrine of Ethos

the belief that music affects character and that different kinds of music affect it in different ways - Ethics "Character"

Plato

Republic, he said "Let me make the music of a nation and I care not who makes its laws"
Goal \= good citizen
Means \= education
Philosphy of education \= gymnastic (body) + music (mind) in balance (Sound mind in sound body) - training both
Role of music \= pragmatic/means to an end

Artistotle

Politics!! - Agrees with plato: importance of music in education - "It is clear that the young must be directed to music"
Differs: entertainment and catharsis

Ancient Rome background (me)

alot of architecture was the primary contributionto arts, with the greeks it was one city but Rome is an empire!! and the Temple was imporant
In general the Romans were practical while the Greeks were idealistic

What were the 2 chief contributions of the Romans to architecture? Did they invent either of these

Arch and concrete (look up of if they invented either of these)

Archade

series of arches side by side

vault

basically a mosonry roof or ceiling

Barrel (tunnel) vault

a vault (masonry roof) based on an extension of the round arch; in effect, many round arches placed one behind the other

groin (cross) vault

Vault formed at the point at which two barrel vaults intersect at right angles.

Roman Concrete

mixture of ribble and mortar; ROmans discovered that pozzolana, a volcanic rock, improved concrete's drying properties - it was the primary building method of this time

veneer

(n.) a thin outer layer; a surface appearance or decoration; (v.) to cover with a thin layer

Colosseum

a large amphitheater built in Rome around ad 70; site of the contest and combats between people and animals
used arch principles and concrete \-- Jewish slave labor, held mock naval battles, awning system,held large crowds, efficient

engaged column

approximately half of a column that is attached to a wall; usually purely decorative, although it may serve as a buttress-like thickening of the wall

Pilaster

similar to an engaged column (decorative architectural element), but flat

Roman Basilica

The basis for early Christian architecture; , created in the period of recognition, it had a dome shape at both ends similar to an apse, it had libaries, and it's official meaning was a meeting place in which the romans would meet to discuss things

The orginal function was a courthouse]

Apse

"bump out"

The Pantheon

"All of the Gods" (planetary Gods were the sun and moon)
dome ceiling \= heavans
oculus \= eye of jupiter
Well preserved because it became a church but now it is a tourist attraction
18c painting shows the scale

Oculus

a round opening at the center of a dome - eye out to the sky

portico

smooth columns

coffer

scooped out areas on the ceiling

Niche

small areas where statues are located

rotunda

round room inside doors

The Ara Pacis
where was it originally located?
what did it celebreate?
what were some messages of the work?

Located in the field of mars also known as the Alter of Peace, celebrating Augustus bringing peace to the empire and some of the messages were abour romes history, prosperity, peace, immigration, and succession

The details show familiar faces and many think it was a dedication of ceremony of sorts

what was mussolini's connection to the Ara Pacis

The site of the piazza that contained the Ara Pacis was home to Medieval walls that Mussolini had demolished.

What did Column of Trajan celebrate? Why is it considered a boon to military historians What was the significance of its height and was it easier to see in the past?

It celebrated Trajan's victory of Dacians and bringing wealth to the empire
- It marks the heightti an excavation project. The romans brought wealth to the empire through the mines

General purpose of triumphal arch?

Roman innovation, commemorating "triumphs"

What is the arch of Titus about + some general info?

The Arch of Titus is about putting down the Jewish Rebellion, it shows a celebratory parade

50,000 slaves built this arch. It is a symbol diaspora (of jews around the world)

At the time jews were forbidden from walking through it

portrait bust

a sculpture of a man or woman's head and shoulders, usually done for wealthy people

How did Roman beliefs and practices impact their treatment of portrait sculptures?

Through death masks which occured when people died in rome they created an exact likeness of the person - it was because of their ancestors

The roman patrician with busts of his ancestor is a man carrying the mask to a funeral

What Roman sculpture functions as a kind of "resume" for the ruler and combines both realistic and idealistic aspects?

Augustus of Primaporta

Details of Augustus of Prima Porta

he was the emporer who brought Roman Peace - some think he was a copy of a bronze statue . He is dressed in uniform and shows power

Peace prosperity and authority

Divine: Cupide astride dolphin, cupid is the son of venus and enforces the divinity. The bare feet \= "only mortals need boots"

Hansdome, tall, serence, eternal, young

2 ways Romans achieved realism in painting

perspective, and shading/shadows

Still life of Peaches and water Jug

Herculaneum
before 79 AD
shows an assembly of objects that are ordinary, get a sense that the jug is lower and peaches are closer
the shadows, colors, and dimensions all work together

Portrait of Magistrate and his wife

May be christian bakery owners; ways the work shows ralism and valuing education
Pompeii, mid 1st century AD
Working together to make it believable
there are details through the hair and jewelry

Early Chrsitian Arts general info

Focus qA NOT ON ART: OERSECUTION, HOUSE CHURCHES, AND catacombs
in early centurues not alot was happening but the catacombs
Hope!!

Frescos

painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints

Symbolism

the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities

Typology

the study and interpretation of types and symbols, originally especially in the Bible.

Where is the 1st christian art found and what was the common theme

it was found in the catacombs and the common themes were (body beautiful) 1)skill level; 2) Goals (telling a story, not this world)

Chi Rho

The initials of Christs name in Greek, serves as a monogram of Christ - Constantines vision: "In this sign you will conquer"

Edict of Milan

313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire

Basilica

A huge marble government building in ancient Rome

cruciform

having the shape of a cross

atrium

rectacular forecourt - courtyard

Narthex

A porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave

nave

The long central part of a church, extending from the entrance to the altar, with aisles along the sides.

Clerestory

A row of windows in the upper part of a wall.

Transept

(in a cross-shaped church) either of the two parts forming the arms of the cross shape, projecting at right angles from the nave.
side spaces

nave arcade

the series of arches supported by piers seperating the nave from the side aisles

triforium

a gallery or arcade above the arches of the nave, choir, and transepts of a church.

how were the Christian churches oriented

reflects the historically documented concepts that one should turn eastward to pray and the architectural and liturgical principle that temples and churches should be constructed facing east (often specified as equinoctial east).