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What does Pilcher argue?
Childhood is separate as they are protected
Wat does Aries argue?
Childhood is a social construct as historical portraits show them dressed as adults
What is a criticism of Aries?
Pollock argues that he generalises and the children were just dressed up
What does Shorter argue?
Societies have become child centred
How is society child centred?
Time and money spent on children
Legislation
How does Gittens evaluate the child centred society?
Adults force children to be dependent on them (age patriarchy)
What do Hockey and James argue?
Childhood is oppressive so children resist it by acting up or down
How is the liberationist view of childhood (Gittens and Hockey and James) evaluated?
Children can’t make rational decisions so must be regulated
Who argues the toxic childhood?
Palmer
What is toxic childhood?
Rapid changes have damaged children’s development
What are the features of toxic childhood?
Technological change
Increased junk food
Focus on testing in school
Intensive marketing to children
What is a criticism of toxic childhood?
First world problems - the real toxic childhood is with children in sweatshops
Who argues Paranoid Parenting?
Furedi
What is Paranoid Parenting?
Media makes parents worried they are parenting wrong
What is an example of paranoid parenting?
Children’s independent outdoor activities restricted
Who argues childhood is disappearing?
Postman
Why is childhood disappearing according to Postman?
Children can find adult topics in the media easily leading to social blurring
What is a criticism of Postman?
Opie - children are partaking in childlike activities in different forms
What does Jenks argue?
Childhood is changing
Adults are depending on children as other relationships are unstable
What is a criticism of Jenks?
Lack of evidence
What does Womack argue?
Children is only toxic and disappearing for the poor
What did Brannen find?
Asian parents are stricter with girls
What does Hillman (et al) argue?
Boys could stay out after dark, cross roads, and travel accompanied before girls
What does Bonke argue?
More expectation for girls to perform chores
What do McRobbie and Garber argue?
Bedroom culture - girls socialise inside and boys are encourage to go outside
What does Mayall argue?
Children viewed as socialisation projects parents can mould