tumors

CNS tumors account for what percentage of childhood cancers?

20%

Most common brain tumors in children

Medullablastoma, Astrocytoma, Ependyoma

Medulablastoma

Cerebella’s tumor (most common) with 5 year survival rate of 50%

Astrocytoma

Second most common in children, astrocyte is the neuron support cell of the brain. Successfully treated with surgery and 5 year survival rate 90%

Ependyoma

Third most common in children with 5 year survival rate of 50%

Most common brain tumors in adults

Glioma (tumor of the neuron support cell)

Meningioma

Tumor of the cns outer lining

Pituitary adenoma

Tumor of the pituitary gland

Neurilemona

Tumor of the nerve sheath

Craniopharyngioma

Tumor of the base of the skull

Hemangioblastoma

Tumor of the brain blood vessel

Pineal glad

The mid lower part of the brain

About how many new cases of CNS cancer are in the US each year? And % of the brain?

15,000; 66%

Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure

Headache, nausea, committing, lethargy, altered consciousness

Neuroblastoma

Forms from Embryonic neural crest cells. Occurs in very small children at 2yrs old and has a genetic association. Represents an Imcomplete development of nerve tissue

Most important bacterial pathogens

Neisseria meningitidis and streptococcus pneumoniae

Most common viral cause of encephalitis in the US

Herpes

Meningitis

Acute inflammation of the first two meninges (Pia mater and arachnoid)

Bacterial meningitis

Pyogenic bacteria. Carried in the nasopharynx, contains numerous neutrophils

Classic meningitis pathogen

N. Meningitidis (meningococcus)

Most common and underdiagnosed infections disease

Viral meningitis

Kernigs sign

Resistance to knee extension when lying supine and the hip is flexed

Brudzinskis sign

Flexion to the neck will produce flexi on of the hips and knees

Encephalitis

Acute inflammatory disease of the brain and spinal cord

Most common cause of encephalitis?

Herpes simplex virus Type1

Myelitis

Infection of the spinal cord

Poliomyelitis

viral infection, most prominently affecting the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord has been all eradicated by immunizations

Brain abscess occurs when?

Occurs when microorganisms reach the brain and cause a localized part of infection

An abscessed cavity is filled with what?

Puss in a capsule, composed of gel cells and fiber blasts

Reye’s syndrome

Often develops in young children, following a viral infection, actual causes unknown, however maybe a link between use of aspirin

Tetanus (lock jaw)

Infection of nerve tissue caused by tetanus bacillus. muscles become rigid with painful spasm and convulsions. Jaw muscles are often the first effected

convulsions

Involuntary contraction or series of contractions by voluntary muscles

Epilepsy

Seizures associated with epilepsy, or a form of convulsion. causes are idiopathic

Petit Mal

Minor form of seizure, more common and children beginning with the age of five seizure last for 5 to 10 seconds.

Grand Mal

Tonic clonic seizures, major seizures involving loss of consciousness person falls to the floor

Epidural hematoma

Increase pressure on the brain from arterial bleed

Subdural hematoma

Hemorrhage from large Venus, sinus pressure builds up and symptoms may not develop for a time

Migraine headaches

Intense throbbing pain accompanied by nausea and vomitting. Females 2x greater than men

Etiology of headaches

Unknown but may be hereditary. Presumably due to vasoconstriction and vasodilation of cerebral/cranial arterioles

Organic Brain Syndrome

Irreversible diffuse brain damage characterized by progressive dementia and delirium (drug withdrawal, head trauma, neoplasm)

Alzheimer’s disease (presenile dementia)

Type of chronic organic brain syndrome characterized by death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their replacement by microscopic plaques

Important cause of bacterial meningitis in neonate

Escherichia Coli

Predominant cause of meningitis and children aged three months to three years

Haemophilus influenza

most important pathogen is

Toxoplasma Gondii (cause of encephalitis in neonates)

Viral meningitis is treated_____ With medication given for headache and nausea

Symptomatically

Bacterial meningitis is best treated with

Antibiotics

Mosquito or tickborne virus is responsible for

Encephalitis transmission

Non-inflammatory cerebral edema develops, leading to increased intracranial pressure of what syndrome?

Reyes syndrome

The liver enlarges and shows fatty changes in the tissue and then progresses to acute liver failure from what?

Reyes syndrome

Perfection of nerve tissue caused Tetanus bacillus

Tetanus lockjaw

treatment for tetanus

Immediate immunization with performed antibodies, (passive immunity )to inactivate the toxin