Chapter 3: Biomolecules

Organic molecules must consist of ___ and ___.

Hydrogen and Carbon

Four main classes of organic molecules:

1. Carbohydrates

2. Proteins

3. Nucleic Acids

4. Lipids (only non-polymer)

What does “like dissolves like” mean?

Polar things are hydrophilic. Non-polar things are hydrophobic.

Dehydration synthesis

1. Additional polymer is synthesized

2. Water is lost

Hydrolysis

1. Piece of polymer is broken off (lysed)

2. Water is added back into products

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotide monomers

• DNA and RNA

Lipids

• Not quite polymers; more diverse

• Cell membranes, energy, hormones, etc.

Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharide monomers

• Major energy source

Monosaccharides are rings containing carbon atoms and __ and __. (polar)

5-6, oxygen, hydrogen

3-100 monosaccharides are called ___ and 100 or more monosaccharides are called ___

Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides

Proteins

• Amino acid monomers

• Enzymes, cellular respiration, more

A bond between two amino acid monomers is a ____.

peptide bond

Amino acids consist of an amino group, carboxyl group and an _ group. There are 20 different ones to choose from.

R

Polypeptide chains __ in a 3d space. Why?

FOLD, because R groups can have different charges. Via folding, these R groups can get closer to each other.

Alpha helix and Beta sheets are secondary structures within a single peptide strand. Both are formed by ____ between monomers.

Hydrogen Bonds

Multiple loops, sheets, and helixes (secondary structures) come together to form the ___ of the protein.

Tertiary structure

Higher-order protein structure is determined by ___

primary sequence! Certain R groups only want to participate in certain intermolecular interactions.