Botany Exam 3 full set

Systematics

study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Phylogenetic

pertaining to the development of a species

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Herbalists

Wrote Herbals- books of medicinal plants

(1400-1700's)

Herbals

Books of medicinal plants

Linnaeus

- mid 1700's

Wrote the first real flora-species Plantarum 1753

Introduced binomial system of nomenclature

Introduced a new rank-based taxonomic system

binomial system of nomenclature

System of naming a species by the combination of the genus name and a specific epithet.

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

taxonomic order

Linnaeus

Named: 7700 species of plants

4400 species of animals, including Homo sapiens

Philosophia Bontanica

Contains the rules of naming:

- "Every plant name must consist of a generic name and a specific one."

- Names should be sensible, only by botanist

- "Generic names one and a half feet long, those that are difficult to pronounce, or are disgusting, should be avoided"

Linnaeus

Father of taxonomy

Darwin

- mid 1800's

"On the Origin of Species" 1859

Birth of systematics

Natural taxonomy

From Darwin into the 1900's

Goal became ______ ______; reflects common ancestry; uses homologous characteristics

Replaced artificial taxonomy and analogous characteristics

Artificial

Natural or artificial? "Taxonomic group for all plants that produce tubers"

Natural

Natural or artificial? "Phylum for plants producing flowers and fruits (angiosperms)"

Natural

Natural or artificial? "Taxonomic class for plants with single cotyledon (monocots)"

Artificial

Natural or artificial?

"Taxonomic family for all carnivorous plants"

Artificial

Natural or artificial?

"Phylum or class for all woody plants"

Natural

Natural or artificial?

"Phylum for plants producing sieve tube members (angiosperms)"

Artificial

Natural or artificial?

"Group for all angiosperms with purple flowers"

Natural

Natural or artificial?

"Family for all plants with a composite flower (sunflower family)"

Classical

Current Taxonomy

- Opinions of professional taxonomists

Cladistics

Current Taxonomy

- Computerized, specific design to eliminate bias

Based entirely on common ancestry

Phylogenetically important characteristics only

Primitive traits

Current Taxonomy

ID ancestral =

advanced traits

Current Taxonomy

ID derived =

clades

Current Taxonomy

Organisms grouped into _____

Clade

Current Taxonomy

______ = common ancestor and all descendants

Displayed as a cladogram

cladogram

Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

cladogram of plants

Node

_____ is a branch point and represents a common ancestral population

Sister groups

- share a common ancestor

Synapomorphy

- derived trait shared by a clade

Monophyletic group

Common ancestor and all descendants

Paraphyletic group

All descendants not included

Polyphyletic group

More than one common ancestor

Kingdom Protista

Contain one celled eukaryotes such as algae and protozoa.

Eukaryote supergroups

- Alveolata

- Stramenopila

- Rhizaria

- Excavata

- Opisthokonta

- Amoebozoa

- Plants and algal relatives

PhyloCode

International Code of Phylogenic Nomenclature

Barcoding

- rapid ID of a plant Theory- plastid DNA may be unique for any species

- Nucleotide sequence produced (several possibilities exist)

- Database established for comparison

- Very successful for animals

Sporophyte

Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism

Gametophyte

The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells.

Green and Purple Bacteria

Sulfur bacteria studied by Van Neil led to his generalized photosynthesis equation

Halobacterium

•Tolerates high salt

Bacteriorhodopsin

Pigmented protein found in abundance in the plasma membrane of the salt-loving archaeon Halobacterium halobium; pumps protons out of the cell in response to light.

Cyanobacteria

"Blue-green algae"

Cyanobacteria

Characteristics

- Tiny prokaryotic cells often with slimy sheath

- Unicellular or filamentous

- Phycobilins- phycocyanin and phycoerythrin; Chl a

- Evolved oxygenic photosynthesis

- Dominant life form for ~ 85% of Earth's history

Eutrophication

A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.

Nitrogen Fixation in Heterocysts

Prochlorophytes

Cyanobacteria? chlorophyll a, b; carotenoids; no phycobilins

Prochlorococcus

Most numerous photosynthetic organism

Tiny side and genome

40-50% of biomass of marine phytoplankton!

Extremely important global O2 producers

Mycology

study of fungi

Mycelium of hyphae

The vegetative body of most fungi is called a(n) ______, which consists of an interwoven mass of threadlike filaments called _____.

Yeasts

unicellular fungi

heterotrophic absorptive

what is the nutritional mode for fungi

parasites

corn smut, wheat rust, and many others

pathogens

Athlete's foot, ringworm, many others

symbionts

lichens, mycorrhizas

Chitin

Cell wall

aminopolysaccharide

structurally similar to cellulose

Chytrids and Zygomycetes

______ and ________ polyphyletic; others have phylum status

Zygomycetes

a fungal group that is not very pathogenic; complex life cycle consisted on sexual and asexual fungal groups...fungi spend most of their time as haploids; black bread mold;

Ascomycota

Form sexual spores in saclike asci

Basidomycota

club fungi

Lichens

Fungus + Algae

Crustose

(of lichens) having a thin crusty thallus that adheres closely to the surface on which it is growing

Foliose

leaf-like lichen

Fruticose

shrublike lichen

Mycorrhizas

Fungus + Plant roots

Ectomycorrhizas

fungi grow around plant cells, form sheath around root (mainly in conifers, beeches, oaks)

Glomeromycota

a group of fungi that form symbiotic relationships with the roots of trees

Agaricus bisporus

Common or button mushroom scientific name

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Baker's and brewer's years scientific name

Penicillium

_______ for "moldy" cheeses

Aspergillus

ferments soy beans for soy sauce

Penicillin

antibiotic

Mevacor

The first statin drug

Cyclosporine

Immunosuppressant

Psilocybin

Psychoactive drugs

Mycotoxins

toxins produced by fungi (wild mushrooms)

Aflatoxins

contaminate stored grains and peanuts

Ergotism or St. Anthony's fire

stored grains, especially rye

Zygomycetes

a fungal group that is not very pathogenic; complex life cycle consisted on sexual and asexual fungal groups...fungi spend most of their time as haploids; black bread mold;

Phylum Ascomycota

sac fungi (yeasts, morels, truffles)

Phylum Basidiomycota

club fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts)

Zygomycetes life cycle

Ascomycota life cycle

Basidiomycota life cycle

Zygomycetes examples

Pin molds

Bread molds

Pin molds

Zygomycota

Bread molds

Zygomycota

Zygosporangium

Zygomycetes sexual structure

Zygosporangium

thick-walled reproductive structure formed from the fusion of the cytoplasm of the mycelia of two neighboring fungi

Zygosporangium

Zygomycetes meiosis site

Aseptate, coenocytic

Zygomycetes hyphae

Aseptate coenocytic

hyphae that have no cross-walls and are multinucleate

Pin-like sporangia

Zygomycetes asexual reproduction

Ascomycota examples

Molds, mildews, cup fungi, yeasts, morels, truffles, asexual fungi

Ascoma with dikaryotic hyphae

Ascomycota sexual structure

ascoma

a multicellular fruiting body of the cup fungi