Applied Nutrition Exam 2

What are the 4 stages of production beef cows?

1. post calving, early lactation

2. 1st trimester, late lactation

3. 2nd trimester, mid gestation/dry period

4. 3rd trimester, late gestation, dry period

Maintenance is about ____ of annual energy requirement

69%

Energy requiremets dip during

weaning

At what BCS do we weant to see mature cows at when calving?

5

What BSC do we want to see 2 yr old cows at when calving?

6

Nutrient excess or deficiency is equal to

nutrients from forage - nutrient requirements

Daily dry matter intake is about _____ of the cow's body weight

1.8-2%

How do you determine the appropriate amount of supplemental feed?

divide supplemental need by supplemental nutrient concentration

More energy is given when you give more of a _____ concentrate

low

In one 3-4 hr. grazing bout, cows consume ______ lbs of protein from forage

2-3

During the pre-weaned phase of dairy cows, the majority of nutrients come from the

milk

Water and starter grain are offered to dairy cows _____

day 1

Why should started be around 30% starch?

to have high butyrate

A dairy calf should be double their birth weight by

56-60 days of age

In the pre-weaned period a calf can get _____ lbs of gain for a lb of feed

0.5-0.8

Dairy calves drop to _______ of gain per lb of feed post-weaning

0.15-0.30

Six month or older dairy calves, feed conversion drops to ____ lb per lb of feed

less than 0.1

What are weaned calves expected to have?

a high function rumen

What phase do dairy calves get introduced to hay?

weaned

Dairy cattle are body conditioned on a scale of ______

1-5

Over ______ BCS in the dry off period can lead to metabolic diseases when calving in

3.75

What is the goal of the close up period for dairy cattle?

transition the rumen before entering lactation

What is usully fed during the close up period for dairy caltte?

DCAD diet

What are the 3 phase in dairy cattle lactation?

early lactation, mid lactation, late lactation

In what phase does nutritent uses shift to body reserves in dairy cattle?

late lactation

How do you estimate dry matter intake for dairy cows?

using the milk production and size of the cows

One pound of protein is required to produce _____ lbs of milk

10

excess rumen undegradable protein results in:

lower milk production, stiff dry manure, lower dry matter intake

excess rumen degradable protein results in:

low milk production, high early milk peaks with low milk persistency, high milk urea nitrogen levels (MUN), loose manure

excess fiber in diet can result in:

low milk production, dry matter intake lower, high milk fat percent, early lactation cows feed too high forage and low energy rations may be prone to ketosis and rapid body weight loss

deficiency in fiber can result in:

acidosis, low milk fat percent, cows not chewing their cud

total fat should not go above ____ for dairy cattle

7%

What is the goal BCS for dairy cattle at peak milk?

2.75

What is the second highest concentration of any nutrient?

protein

protein deficiency results in:

reduced appetite and feed intake, reduced birth weights and growth, reduced colostrum and milk production, decreased hormonal production, decreased fertility

Ruminants possess a _____ -stomach with ___ compartments and a _____ stomach

fore-stomach with 3 compartments and true stomach

microorganisms in the ruman convert feed ___ and ____ to ____

protein and urea to NH3

What is the difference between rumianlly degradable protein and undegradable protein?

degradable: protein degraded to produce ammonia (NH3)

undegradable: protein that passes intact from the rumen to the abomasum and small intestine

Rumen microorganims require a minimum of about _____ nitrogen

1.2%

Diet less than ____ crude protein results in decreased growht and reporduction of microorganisms

7.5%

the crude protein equivalent to non-protein nitrogen (NPA) =

288%

the rate of digestion of ____ by microbial urease is very rapid

non-protein nitrogen

What is the rumen NH3 requirement?

5mg/100mL

What correctly distinguishes between microbial crude protein (MCP) and microbial true protein (MTP)?

microbial crude protein consists of 80% true protein and 20% nucleic acids, with microbial true protein assumed to have 80% intestinal digestibiltiy

Concentrate feed RUP digestibility is ____ while forage is ____

80%, 60%

metabolizable protein MP is equal to

MPfeed (metabolizable protein from rumianlly degraded protein) + MPmtp (metabolizable protein from microbial true protein)

What is the range of BCS for beef cattle?

1-9

Beef cattle BCS has ____ of cow body weight between scores

7%

What is the BCS of this beef cow?

5

What is the BCS of this beef cow?

6

What is the BCS of this beef cow?

1

What is the BCS of this beef cow?

9

What is the BCS of this beef cow?

7

What is the BCS of this beef cow?

6

What is the BCS of this beef cow?

3

What is the BCS of this beef cow?

6

BCS is highly related to ______

energy sources

Body fat composition at ____ is a criticial factor in determing time to breed back

calving

What does the blue, black, and red line show?

blue: dry matter intake

black: milk production

red: body weight

How do you calculate %CP?

N% x 6.25 = %CP

What are the functions of proteins?

structure of organs and soft tissues, enzyzmes, hormones, antibodies, hide/hair/wool, milk synthesis

What are the dietary essential amino acids?

threonine, trytophan, methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, valine, isoleucine, histidine, arginine, leucine

The essential amino acid that is present in the lowest quantity of the diet as a percentage of the aniaml’s requirement is the _____

first limiting amino acid

Where do swine and poultry diets get most of their protein?

“natural” and plant proteins

____ digestibility is more accurate for amino acid digestibility

illeal

What is the reference standard for protein quality in swine diets

soybeanmeal

Whole soybeans act as

trypsin inhibitors

Cottonseed meal causes

gossypol toxicity in livestock.

Blood meal contains an

unbalanced branch chain AA

Meat and bone meal are a source of

Ca and P

Fish meal has a ____ and is a source of ___-

good AA profile and source of Omega-3 fatty acids

What is trypsin?

a protease enzyme crucial to protein digestion

Where is trypsin produced/secreted?

trypsin is produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine to break proteins down into peptides and AA

What is the role of the trypsin inhibitor?

acts as a defense mechanism against insects and pests in soybean plants by inhibiting their digestive enzymes (heat sensitive to above 176F and borken down by rumial MCO)

What is gossypol?

naturally occurring pigment in cottonseed that can be toxic to animals

What are the effects of gossypol?

cardiac failure, anemia, liver necrosis, reproductive issues

How can gossypol affect male bull fertility?

It binds with proteins in the rumen and makes them unavailable for absorption

What are the critical limits of gossypol in swine and other monogastrics, and preruminatn calves and lambs?

</= 100ppm free gossypol

What are the critical limits of gossypol in young growing calves?

</= 400 to 600 ppm

What are the critical limits of gossypol in mature cattle?

no more than 800 ppm

What are the most limiting AA at small intestine in beef cattle?

methionine and lysine are the most limiting amino acids.

Feather meal is a good source of ____

sulfur containing AA, primarily keratin (cheaper)

Poultry blood meal is a good source of _____

lysine, leucine, and histidine (although expensive)

Fish meal is

“rich in met,” very digestible, and expensive

Identify this whole feedstuff. What is the CP and TDN %?

Alfalfa Hay

19.8% CP

55.2% TDN

Identify this whole feedstuff. What is the CP and TDN %?

Barley

12.7% CP
84.1% TDN

Identify this whole feedstuff. What is the CP and TDN %?

Bermudagrass Hay

11.1% CP

56.3% TDN

Identify this whole feedstuff. What is the CP and TDN %?

Milo

11.2% CP

76.2% TDN

Identify this whole feedstuff. What is the CP and TDN %?

Oat

12.2% CP

83% TDN%

Identify this whole feedstuff. What is the CP and TDN %?

Prarie Hay

6.7% CP

48.4% TDN

Identify this whole feedstuff. What is the CP and TDN %?

Soybeans

39.9% CP

91% TDN

Identify this whole feedstuff. What is the CP and TDN %?

Wheat

13.7% CP

86.8% TDN

Identify this whole feedstuff. What is the CP and TDN %?

Whole Corn

10.4% CP

92% TDN

Identify this whole feedstuff. What is the CP and TDN %?

Whole Cottonseed

22.8% CP

93% TDN

Identify this processed feed. What is the CP and TDN %?

Alfalfa Cubes

18% CP

56% TDN

Identify this processed feed. What is the CP and TDN %?

Alfalfa Pellets

18% CP

56% TDN

Identify this processed feed. What is the CP and TDN %?

Cottonseed Hulls

6.6% CP

42% TDN

Identify this processed feed. What is the CP and TDN %?

Cottonseed Meal

44.9% CP

69.6% TDN

Identify this processed feed. What is the CP and TDN %?

Cracked (dry rolled) Corn

8.7% CP

87.6% TDN

Identify this processed feed. What is the CP and TDN %?

Crimped (Steam Rolled) Barley

12% CP

84% TDN