anatomy 2 exam one

Where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?

In the pericardium cavity, posterior to the sternum, left of the body midline, between the lungs in the mediastinum.

What are the three layers of the cardiac wall?

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.

What is the function of the myocardium?

It contracts to pump blood.

What is the coronary sulcus?

It encircles the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles and houses coronary blood vessels.

What is the interventricular sulcus?

It runs along the front and back of the heart, separating the right and left ventricles.

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

What is the function of the left pump of the heart?

It pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation.

What is the function of the right pump of the heart?

It pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary circulation.

What are the AV valves?

Tricuspid valve (between RA and RV) and mitral (bicuspid) valve (between LA and LV).

What are the semilunar valves?

Pulmonary valve (between RV and pulmonary trunk) and aortic valve (between LV and aorta).

What heart sounds are associated with valve closure?

S1 ('lub') is the closure of AV valves; S2 ('dub') is the closure of semilunar valves.

What is a dilated heart chamber?

An enlarged chamber with thin walls, reducing pumping efficiency.

What is ventricular hypertrophy?

Thickened ventricular walls that increase pumping force but reduce chamber volume.

What are papillary muscles?

Muscles located in the ventricles that contract during systole.

What are chordae tendineae?

Tendon-like cords that anchor AV valves to papillary muscles.

What are the anatomical differences between the left and right ventricles?

Left ventricle has a thick wall for high pressure; right ventricle has a thin wall for low pressure.

What valves are open and closed during ventricular systole?

Open: Semilunar valves; Closed: AV valves.

How can you distinguish between the right and left atrium?

Right atrium has pectinate muscles and a thinner wall; left atrium has a smoother interior wall and is thicker.

What is cardiac tamponade?

Compression of the heart due to fluid in the pericardial sac.

What is bradycardia?

A slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm.

What is tachycardia?

A fast heart rate of more than 100 bpm.

What is systolic pressure?

Pressure during ventricular contraction.

What is diastolic pressure?

Pressure during ventricular relaxation.

What is pulse pressure?

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

What are the main pulse points in the body?

Carotid (neck), brachial (inside of elbow), radial (wrist), femoral (groin), popliteal (behind knee), dorsalis pedis (top of foot).

What does the P wave on an ECG represent?

Atrial depolarization and contraction.

What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?

Ventricular depolarization and contraction.

What does the T wave on an ECG represent?

Ventricular repolarization and relaxation.

What is the function of the SA node?

It is the pacemaker that initiates the heartbeat.

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

It increases heart rate and blood pressure.

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

It decreases heart rate and blood pressure.

What are the tunics of blood vessels?

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.

How do veins move blood against gravity?

Through one-way valves, the skeletal muscle pump, and the respiratory pump.

What type of blood do veins usually carry?

Deoxygenated blood, except for pulmonary veins and umbilical veins which carry oxygenated blood.

What are the major branches of the subclavian artery?

Axillary artery (to upper limb) and vertebral artery (to head & neck).

What are the major branches of the abdominal aorta?

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, common iliac arteries, internal iliac, external iliac.

What are the major arteries of the external iliac in the femoral region?

Deep femoral artery (to thigh muscles) and medial & lateral circumflex femoral arteries (to hip & thigh).