Chapter 22: The Respiratory System

**Hyperventilation**

________ is an increased ventilation rate that is independent of the cellular oxygen needs and leads to abnormally low blood carbon dioxide levels and high (alkaline) blood pH.

**Pulmonary ventilation**

________ is the act of breathing, which can be described as the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

**Bohr effect**

The ________ is a phenomenon that arises from the relationship between pH and oxygens affinity for hemoglobin: A lower, more acidic pH promotes oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin.

**pharyngeal tonsil**

A(n) ________, also called an adenoid, is an aggregate of lymphoid reticular tissue similar to a lymph node that lies at the superior portion of the nasopharynx.

**root**

The ________ is the region of the nose located between the eyebrows.

**alar cartilage**

The ________ consists of the apex of the nose; it surrounds the naris.

**trachealis muscle**

The ________ and elastic connective tissue together form the fibroelastic membrane, a flexible membrane that closes the posterior surface of the trachea, connecting the C- shaped cartilages.

**cardiac notch**

The ________ is an indentation on the surface of the left lung, and it allows space for the heart.

**epiglottis**

The ________, attached to the thyroid cartilage, is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea.

**pulmonary plexus**

The ________ is a region on the lung root formed by the entrance of the nerves at the hilum.

**medulla oblongata**

The ________ contains the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG)

**lung bud**

The ________ is a dome- shaped structure composed of tissue that bulges from the foregut.

**laryngopharynx**

The ________ is inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx.

**cartilaginous structure**

The larynx is a(n) ________ inferior to the laryngopharynx that connects the pharynx to the trachea and helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs.

**ala**

A(n) ________ is a cartilaginous structure that forms the lateral side of each naris (plural= nares), or nostril opening.

**nasopharynx**

The ________ is flanked by the conchae of the nasal cavity, and it serves only as an airway.

**Hyperpnea**

________ is an increased depth and rate of ventilation to meet an increase in oxygen demand as might be seen in exercise or disease, particularly diseases that target the respiratory or digestive tracts.

**dorsum nasi**

The ________ is the length of the nose.

**Haldane effect**

The ________ is a phenomenon that arises from the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide.

**Ventilation**

________ is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, and perfusion is the flow of blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

**pharynx**

The ________ is a tube formed by skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane that is continuous with that of the nasal cavities.

**Acclimatization**

________ is the process of adjustment that the respiratory system makes due to chronic exposure to a high altitude.

**philtrum**

The ________ is the concave surface that connects the apex of the nose to the upper lip.

**oropharynx**

The ________ is a passageway for both air and food.

**foregut**

The ________ is endoderm just inferior to the pharyngeal pouches.

**olfactory pit**

A(n) ________ is one of a pair of structures that will enlarge to become the nasal cavity.

**Internal respiration**

________ is gas exchange that occurs at the level of body tissues.

**Henrys law**

________ describes the behavior of gases when they come into contact with a liquid, such as blood.

**Inspiration**

________ is the process that causes air to enter the lungs, and expiration is the process that causes air to leave the lungs.

**Daltons law**

________ describes the behavior of nonreactive gases in a gaseous mixture and states that a specific gas type in a mixture exerts its own pressure; thus, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

**Thoracic wall compliance**

________ is the ability of the thoracic wall to stretch while under pressure.

**nasal bone**

The ________ is one of a pair of bones that lies under the root and bridge of the nose.

**gas exchange**

The ________ occurs in the respiratory zone.

**true vocal cord**

A(n) ________ is one of the white, membranous folds attached by muscle to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages of the larynx on their outer edges.

**parasympathetic system**

The ________ causes bronchoconstriction, whereas the sympathetic nervous system stimulates bronchodilation.

**bronchial tree**

A(n) ________ (or respiratory tree) is the collective term used for these multiple- branched bronchi.

**thyroid cartilage**

The ________ is the largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx.

**External respiration**

________ occurs as a function of partial pressure differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

**Vital capacity**

________ (VC) is the amount of air a person can move into or out of his or her lungs, and is the sum of all of the volumes except residual volume (TV, ERV, and IRV), which is between 4000 and 5000 milliliters.

**respiratory cycle**

A(n) ________ is one sequence of inspiration and expiration.

**respiratory zone**

The ________ begins where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole, the smallest type of bronchiole.

**Hemoglobin**

________ that is saturated with oxygen does not readily bind carbon dioxide.

**pneumotaxic center**

The ________ is a network of neurons that inhibits the activity of neurons in the DRG, allowing relaxation after inspiration, and thus controlling the overall rate.

**central chemoreceptor**

A(n) ________ is one of the specialized receptors that are located in the brain and brainstem, whereas a peripheral chemoreceptor is one of the specialized receptors located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch.

**Acute mountain sickness**

________ (AMS), or altitude sickness, is a condition that results from acute exposure to high altitudes due to a low partial pressure of oxygen at high altitudes.

**Pleural fluid**

________ is secreted by mesothelial cells from both pleural layers and acts to lubricate their surfaces.

**alveolar duct**

A(n) ________ is a tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue, which opens into a cluster of alveoli.

The Bohr effect is a phenomenon that arises from the relationship between pH and oxygens affinity for hemoglobin

A lower, more acidic pH promotes oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin