Chapter 22: The Respiratory System

Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation

________ is an increased ventilation rate that is independent of the cellular oxygen needs and leads to abnormally low blood carbon dioxide levels and high (alkaline) blood pH.

Pulmonary ventilation

________ is the act of breathing, which can be described as the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Bohr effect

The ________ is a phenomenon that arises from the relationship between pH and oxygens affinity for hemoglobin: A lower, more acidic pH promotes oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin.

pharyngeal tonsil

A(n) ________, also called an adenoid, is an aggregate of lymphoid reticular tissue similar to a lymph node that lies at the superior portion of the nasopharynx.

root

The ________ is the region of the nose located between the eyebrows.

alar cartilage

The ________ consists of the apex of the nose; it surrounds the naris.

trachealis muscle

The ________ and elastic connective tissue together form the fibroelastic membrane, a flexible membrane that closes the posterior surface of the trachea, connecting the C- shaped cartilages.

cardiac notch

The ________ is an indentation on the surface of the left lung, and it allows space for the heart.

epiglottis

The ________, attached to the thyroid cartilage, is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea.

pulmonary plexus

The ________ is a region on the lung root formed by the entrance of the nerves at the hilum.

medulla oblongata

The ________ contains the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG)

lung bud

The ________ is a dome- shaped structure composed of tissue that bulges from the foregut.

laryngopharynx

The ________ is inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx.

cartilaginous structure

The larynx is a(n) ________ inferior to the laryngopharynx that connects the pharynx to the trachea and helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs.

ala

A(n) ________ is a cartilaginous structure that forms the lateral side of each naris (plural= nares), or nostril opening.

nasopharynx

The ________ is flanked by the conchae of the nasal cavity, and it serves only as an airway.

Hyperpnea

________ is an increased depth and rate of ventilation to meet an increase in oxygen demand as might be seen in exercise or disease, particularly diseases that target the respiratory or digestive tracts.

dorsum nasi

The ________ is the length of the nose.

Haldane effect

The ________ is a phenomenon that arises from the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide.

Ventilation

________ is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, and perfusion is the flow of blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

pharynx

The ________ is a tube formed by skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane that is continuous with that of the nasal cavities.

Acclimatization

________ is the process of adjustment that the respiratory system makes due to chronic exposure to a high altitude.

philtrum

The ________ is the concave surface that connects the apex of the nose to the upper lip.

oropharynx

The ________ is a passageway for both air and food.

foregut

The ________ is endoderm just inferior to the pharyngeal pouches.

olfactory pit

A(n) ________ is one of a pair of structures that will enlarge to become the nasal cavity.

Internal respiration

________ is gas exchange that occurs at the level of body tissues.

Henrys law

________ describes the behavior of gases when they come into contact with a liquid, such as blood.

Inspiration

________ is the process that causes air to enter the lungs, and expiration is the process that causes air to leave the lungs.

Daltons law

________ describes the behavior of nonreactive gases in a gaseous mixture and states that a specific gas type in a mixture exerts its own pressure; thus, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

Thoracic wall compliance

________ is the ability of the thoracic wall to stretch while under pressure.

nasal bone

The ________ is one of a pair of bones that lies under the root and bridge of the nose.

gas exchange

The ________ occurs in the respiratory zone.

true vocal cord

A(n) ________ is one of the white, membranous folds attached by muscle to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages of the larynx on their outer edges.

parasympathetic system

The ________ causes bronchoconstriction, whereas the sympathetic nervous system stimulates bronchodilation.

bronchial tree

A(n) ________ (or respiratory tree) is the collective term used for these multiple- branched bronchi.

thyroid cartilage

The ________ is the largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx.

External respiration

________ occurs as a function of partial pressure differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

Vital capacity

________ (VC) is the amount of air a person can move into or out of his or her lungs, and is the sum of all of the volumes except residual volume (TV, ERV, and IRV), which is between 4000 and 5000 milliliters.

respiratory cycle

A(n) ________ is one sequence of inspiration and expiration.

respiratory zone

The ________ begins where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole, the smallest type of bronchiole.

Hemoglobin

________ that is saturated with oxygen does not readily bind carbon dioxide.

pneumotaxic center

The ________ is a network of neurons that inhibits the activity of neurons in the DRG, allowing relaxation after inspiration, and thus controlling the overall rate.

central chemoreceptor

A(n) ________ is one of the specialized receptors that are located in the brain and brainstem, whereas a peripheral chemoreceptor is one of the specialized receptors located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch.

Acute mountain sickness

________ (AMS), or altitude sickness, is a condition that results from acute exposure to high altitudes due to a low partial pressure of oxygen at high altitudes.

Pleural fluid

________ is secreted by mesothelial cells from both pleural layers and acts to lubricate their surfaces.

alveolar duct

A(n) ________ is a tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue, which opens into a cluster of alveoli.

The Bohr effect is a phenomenon that arises from the relationship between pH and oxygens affinity for hemoglobin

A lower, more acidic pH promotes oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin