PSYC 4008 Final

What did Murray use the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to evaluate?

personality

What type of approach did Murray use to study personality?

Idiographic (case study) approach → intense analysis of individuals over a long period of time

What field of psychology presents the idea that how we feel and how we behave is determined by how we think?

Cognitive-behavioral approach

If I have a coin that can have two states (heads or tails), how many bits of information are necessary to indicate if it is heads or tails?

1 bit of information → general requirement to specify the result of an outcome with two possibilities

How is information quantified in information science?

As a reduction of uncertainty

Where does a trait come from, according to Allport?

Genetics

What is Allport's trait in regards to personality?

Things that are stable across a wide range of settings

What is Allport's state in regards to personality?

A reaction that is context specific

What was Murray's infamous study?

The humiliation study → unibomber was one of the subjects

How does Murray break down personality?

It is shaped by a set of needs, including need for affiliation and need for autonomy

What is Murray's approach to psychology?

Personology - study of personality

What does Stanley Milgram demonstrate with his "small-world" phenomenon?

There are six degrees of separation among individuals → a metric for how tightly connected people are in a society

What is cognitive dissonance?

1. When your thoughts are inconsistent with your behaviors, causing an aversive cognitive state that you want to eliminate

2. An inconsistency between thoughts → trying to hold two incompatible beliefs

According to Gibson, what does affordance mean?

When you perceive an object, part of what you perceive is what that object enables (affords) you to do → seeing a chair affords sitting

What area of psychology does James Gibson pioneer?

Ecological perception -> Ecological = a focus on real-life situations

What is the basis of memory according to Hebb?

A chain or strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons

How did Donald Hebb explain learning?

Neurons that fire together, wire together -> Neurons that are activated together leads to a strengthening of their synaptic connections

What is the law of mass action?

The site of the lesion is not that important, what is important is the amount of cortex that is damaged

What is equipotentiality?

If any part of the cortex is damaged, some other part can take over that function

Lashley used lesioning techniques to try to find the site of the engram, leading to the development of what two principles?

Equipotentiality and the law of mass action

Karl Lashley was trying to discover the site of something in the brain... what?

Engram → the place in the brain where he believed memory is stored

What problems does Karl Lashley see with behaviorism?

Some behaviors occur too quickly to be explained by serial chaining of stimulus-response associations

What are the two processes by which cognitive development takes place, according to Piaget?

Assimilation and accommodation

What are Piaget's schemata?

Cognitive structures through which you interpret your world

What is assimilation?

Taking a new experience and coding it with existing structures

What is accommodation?

Modifying your existing structures for the experience

Donald Broadbenr uses the dichotic listening method... what does he propose as a result?

Attention is a selective filter

What must be done to keep an item alive in short-term memory according to Atkinson and Shiffrin?

Rehearsal

Characteristics of long-term memory?

Large capacity, long duration

Characteristics of short-term memory?

Small capacity, short duration

Characteristics of sensory memory?

Large capacity, short duration

What are the names of the three memory stores proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin?

Sensory, short term, and long term

What does George Miller contribute?

Determines the capacity of short-term memory

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

7 +/- 2 chunks of information

What area of psychology is Piaget known for contributing to?

Cognitive development

Who gives us the method of repeated reproductions?

Bartlett

What did the method of repeated reproductions reveal?

Memory is a constructive process

Who do we associate with genetic epistemology?

Piaget

Mazlow's hierarchy of needs

Distinguishes between deficiency needs and growth needs

What is a deficiency need?

A motivation that goes away once it's met

What is growth need?

The motivation increases once it's met

Systematic desensitization originates with Watson... who elaborates it into its modern form?

Joseph Wolpe

When thorazine was first introduced in the 1950s, how was it marketed?

As a chemical lobotomy

What is the Hawthorne effect?

The idea that the act of studying people itself changes their behavior

Who is credited with the Lucifer effect?

Philip Zimbardo

What is the Lucifer effect?

People aren't born evil, they are made evil by social and environmental circumstances

How does humanistic psychology arise?

as an objection to the determinism and reductionism of both behaviorism and the psychoanalytic model

The behavior model is considered to be ___

Deterministic - behavioral problems are determined by contingencies of reinforcement

The psychoanalytic model is also considered to be deterministic. Why?

Mental/behavioral problems are determined by early childhood experiences

Who do we associate with Client-centered therapy

Rogers

What is the focus of positive psychology?

Focuses on what makes us well as opposed to what makes us ill

What does congruence mean?

The therapist is genuine/honest about how he feels about the client

Did humanism involve intense analysis of early childhood experiences?

No, this was a psychoanalytic principle

WW2 served as a stimulus for the growth of clinical psychology... why?

Many veterans with mental issues → psychiatrists had to cede some responsibility to psychologists

Who gave clinical psychology its name?

Witmer

Why were orthogenics labeled an optimistic approach?

It emphasized environment over genetics

What does orthogenics mean?

Straightening out development

What was the name of Witmer's approach?

Orthogenics

What did early clinical psychology look like?

Conducted in schools

What psychologist is credited with starting the clinical psychology movement?

Witmer

What was the specific disorder that a lot of people in mental hospitals had at the time that Malaria therapy may have had some effectiveness at treating?

General Paresis of the insane (GPI) / Neurosyphillis

Who discovered it Malaria therapy?

Jauregg - won first nobel prize in psychiatry

What made Malarial therapy obsolete?

Antibiotics (penicillin)

What are some different types of shock therapy?

Insulin coma therapy, Metrozol induced seizures, ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy)

Who was the American neurologist who led the effort of lobotomies?

Walter Freeman

Walter Freeman invented a rapid way to perform a lobotomy. What is that method called?

Transorbital lobotomy - Ice pick through the eye socket used to manipulate brain fibers

What was the most important drug introduced during the development of psychopharmacology?

Thorazine

What type of drug is Thorazine classified as?

Antipsychotic

What is a shock therapy?

generic term for anything that threatens physical or psychological wellbeing

What was the primary responsibility of clinical psychologists under psychiatrists?

testing

Federal government steps in to promote clinical psychology for treatment of veterans, funding development what?

The Bolder curriculum

What are the main elements of the Bolder model?

?

What did Hanz Eysenck say about the effectiveness of psychotherapy in the 1950s?

It makes people worse than if they were just left alone

What is aversion therapy?

Trying to eliminate an undesirable response (like drinking) by pairing it with something aversive (like a shock)

What type of learning model is used in aversion therapy?

Classical conditioning

What are some of the elements of client-centered therapy?

1. The client is an active participant in the therapy 2. Client is someone you work with, not somebody you do something to → thus why they are called a client as opposed to a patient, which may imply illness

Early on, clinical psychology wasn't welcome into organized academic psychology, but starting with WW2, clinical psychology became the dominant force... what did that lead to in the 1980s?

Caused the research and academic psychologists to decide to leave the APA

What was the name of the group research and academic psychologists formed after leaving the APA?

American Psychological Society

What is unconditional positive regard?

The therapist treats everyone with dignity

What are other associations with humanism?

Holism, freedom/free will, unconditional positive regard