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Reference Maps

locations and geographic features

Choropleth Maps

that show distinction with shades of colors

Dot Distribution Maps

uses dots to indicate a feature

Graduated Symbol Maps

uses a symbol that differs in size to show different values

Isoline/ Isometric Maps (ex: topographic maps)

uses lines to connect points of equal value, usually to show elevation

Cartograms

distort shape and size of countries to show values

Map Projections

Mercator

rectangular map used as a navigation tool in which the lines for longitude and latitude are straight and parallel.

Peters

a cylindrical map projection that attempts to retain the accurate sizes of all the world's landmasses

Conic

projects the Earth's surface onto a cone

Robinson

oval like projection that’s visually appealing by balancing distortions in shape, area, distance and direction

GPS (Satellite Navigation)

a satellite based system used to determine the precise location of something on Earth

Remote Sensing / Aerial Photography

collecting data through the use of instruments from a distance

GIS

computer system used to create maps that contain different layers of information

Field Study/Observation

observing and collecting first hand data about people, cultures, and the natural environment

Quantitative Data

anything represented by #’s

Census Data

data collected by the government every 10 years about population

Qualitative Data

descriptive info about concepts

Place

uniqueness of a location

Absolute Location

exact location of a place displayed using coordinates

Relative Location

where something is in relation to other things

Toponym

official name provided to a place

Site/Physical Landscape

physical characteristics of a place

Situation

surrounding of a place

Distance decay

as the distance between two places increases, the interaction and connection between them decreases

Time-Space Compression

as technology and transportation methods improve, distances between locations feel closer and more interconnected. 

Human-Environment Interaction (HEI)

the ways in which people change the environment to meet their needs

Environmental Determinism

physical geography shapes human behavior & societal/cultural development

Possibilism

environment puts limits on society, but people can change the physical environment to overcome them

Built environment

intentional manmade infrastructure

Cultural Landscape

imprint of human activity and culture on the physical environment

Scales of Analysis (Global, regional, state/national, sub-national, state, county, city)

how data is being grouped

Small Scale Map

larger area without much detail

Large Scale Map

small areas with greater detail

Formal Region (uniform/homogeneous)

defined by facts and by distinct,uniform characteristics; united by similar traits

Functional Region (nodal)

organized around a focal point (node) and are united by networks

Perceptual Region (vernacular

people assigned boundaries

Population Distribution

how population is spread out in a area

Population Density

a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

Midlatitudes

between 30N & 60N/30S & 60S, temperate climate with 4 seasons, most favorable conditions for humans

Arithmetic population density

total # people / total land area (shows how many people live on each mi/km of land)

Physiological population density

the # of people per unit of arable land (reveals stress put on land)

Agricultural population density

the amount of farmers / amount of arable land in a region (reveals level of development

Arable

land that is suitable for growing crops

Carrying capacity

the maximum population size of a species than an environment can sustainably support at any given time

Redistricting

the drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population change

Overpopulation

of people in an area exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment to support life

Population Pyramid

age and sex distribution of a population

Cohort

a group of individuals of a same age

Birth deficit

of deaths exceeds # of births

Baby boom

a period marked by a significant increase of births

Baby bust

the reduced # of births during a time of conflict

Dependency ratio

the # of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the # of people active in the labor force (reveals the pressure places on the working population)

Potential workforce

people ages 15

Dependent population

those in the under 15 years and over 64 years of age groups, dependant on the working age group

Crude birth rate

of live births per year per 1,000 people

Crude death rate

of deaths per year per 1,000 people

Rate of natural increase

the annual rate of population growth (CBR

Total fertility rate

the average number of of children born to a woman during her childbearing years

Anti

natalist policies

Pro

natalist policies

Life expectancy

average years people live

Infant mortality rate

the percentage of children who die before their 1st birthday within an area (out of every 1000)

Demographic transition model

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

Epidemiological transition model

the theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the DTM

Stationary population pyramid

rectangular, population is neither growing nor declining, similar proportions in age group

Immigrants

people who moved into the country

Emigrants

people who move out of the country

Malthusian Theory

theory that population grows faster than the food supply

Neo

Malthusians

Migration

movement of people from one place to another

Voluntary Migration

movement made by choice in response to a perceived opportunity (push and pull factors)

Step migration

migrants move in phases (stages) until reaching final destination

Chain migration

people following the migratory path of relatives to communities where they reside

Transnational

from one country to another

Transhumance

pattern of seasonal migration

Internal migration

within a country

Guest worker

temporarily for work

Push Factors

causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region

Pull Factors

attract people to another location

Intervening obstacles

environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

11 “laws” that can be organized into 3 groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.

Counter migration

migration back to an original area in which people had left

Forced migration

movers have no choice but to relocate (must move to stay alive)

Internally displaced person

someone who is forced to move to a different part of the same country

Asylum

a place of retreat for security/safety

Refugees

cross international borders and have a reasonable fear of harm if they return

Brain drain

loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

Remittances

money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries

Linguistic

relating to language

Cultural relativism

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

Custom

the repetition of an act, it becomes a characteristic

Ethnocentrism

evaluating other cultures based on own beliefs

Caste System

A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life

Indigenous Community

the original inhabitants of a country

Sequent Occupance

Ethnic groups move in and out of spaces and create new cultural imprints on the landscape in a sequence

Sense of place

Feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful characteristics

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland

Lingua franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Cultural convergence

Cultures becoming similar to each other