Psy 230 Unit 1 Test

Summarize the underlying principles of Lifespan Development as explained by Paul Baltes (note: you do not need to memorize these).

Baltes said that development is lifelong, multidirectional, multidimensional, multidisciplinary, characterized by plasticity, and multicontextual

List and explain Baltes' three specific multicontextual influences.

normative age-graded influences come from the specific age group one is a part of

normative history-graded influences come from the time period one was born

non-normative life influences come from unique childhood experiences

Explain the difference between lifespan and life expectancy.

lifespan is the length of time a species can exist under the most optimal conditions, life expectancy is the predicted number of years a person born in a particular time period can reasonably expect to live

Explain chronological age, biological age, psychological age, and social age.

chronological age is based on the number of years since your birth, biological age is how quickly the body is aging, psychological age is our psychologically adaptive capacity compared to others of our chronological age, social age is based on the social norms of our culture and the expectations our culture has for people of our age group

Briefly summarize Sigmund Freud's view of development. Freud believed that personality developed later in life and one's emotional state was influenced by childhood circumstances and interactions

Freud believed that personality developed later in life and one's emotional state was influenced by childhood circumstances and interactions, infant becomes attached to person who provides oral (talking) satisfaction

Briefly summarize Erik Erikson's view of development.

Erikson said that each period of life has a unique challenge or crisis that the person who reaches it must face, referred to as psychosocial crises and that development comes from dealing with and resolving goals to these situations

Briefly summarize Jean Piaget's view of development.

Piaget said there were different stages of cognitive development aligning with physical development as a person ages

Define genetic disorders and describe sickle-cell disease.

genetic disorders are diseases which result from mutations in one's genes, sickle-cell disease is a genetic disorder in which red blood cells are shaped like a sickle and hinder the blood's ability to transport oxygen

Define sex-linked disorders and describe fragile x syndrome.

sex linked disorders are genetic defects on the x-chromosome such as hemophilia, color blindness, baldness, males are more affected than females

Define chromosomal abnormality and describe Down Syndrome.

occurs when a child inherits too many or too few chromosomes (aneuploidy), down syndrome occurs when there is an extra 21st chromosomes exhibiting symptoms like intellectual disability and possibly short fingers or toes

Describe the Germinal Period (include zygote).

period from conception to implantation of a fertilized egg in the linen of the uterus, when a new cell is formed containing genetic info from both parents it is called a zygote

Describe the Embryonic Period (include cephalocaudal and proximodistal).

3rd week the blastocyst has implanted in the uterine wall, once implanted it is called an embryo, cephalocaudal is prenatal development from head to tail, proximodistal is prenatal development from midline outward

Describe the Fetal Period.

from 9th week until birth, major structures begin to develop and gain body parts

Define stem cells, neural plate, and neurogenesis.

stem cells are cells which can create more cells, neural plate is the location of where stem cells are in the embryo, neurogenesis is the formation of neurons

Define white matter, grey matter, and neural migration.

white matter are the axons that form neural pathways, gray matter are regions of the brain that contain cell bodies, neural migration is when neurons spread out expanding the brain size

Define teratology, teratogens, and discuss the factors influencing prenatal risk.

teratology is the study of factors that contribute to birth defects, teratogens are environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects, factors influencing prenatal risk are timing of exposure to , amount of exposure to, number of teratogens, genetics, and gender

Describe FASD and FAS.

FASD is the range of effects that can occur due to alcohol consumption during pregnancy, FAS is fetal alcohol syndrome where children have flat noses small eye holes and small heads and neurological disabilities

What is neonatal abstinence syndrome?

when a mother uses an addictive drug during pregnancy her baby can get addicted to the drug before birth and go through withdrawal after birth

Describe the impact of pollutants and include toxoplasmosis.

pollutants are chemicals used in the US with little info on how they affect pregnancy, toxoplasmosis are tiny parasite infections which can cause premature or stillbirth and defects to babies eyes and brain

Describe viral risks.

Viral risks include HIV and AIDS which can be passed onto children and is lowered in odds of contraction by antiretroviral drugs

Discuss maternal factors.

woman over the age of 35 have increase maternal factors including fertility problems, high blood pressure, diabetes, miscarriages, placenta previa, cesarean section, premature/stillbirth, baby with genetic disorder/birth defects

What are some of the signs of early language development?

recognizing language sounds, babbling and other vocalizations, gestures

Describe how "Genie the Wild Child" demonstrated the acquisition of language (from the embedded video clip).

she was locked in a silent room as a child and could only ever speak a few words and her thoughts were almost never verbally encoded

What/when is the vocabulary spurt.

begins around 18 months, the acceleration in the rate which a children learns new words

What is telegraphic speech?

use of short and precise words

From the "Smart Family" video clip: why is face-to face time important?

they learn to recognize emotions and children can discern sound shapes from a parents mouth which helps them progress in speaking

What is child-directed speech?

high pitch than normal with simple words and sentences

List and describe the three strategies to enhance a child's

acquisition of language. recasting - rephasing something a child said, expanding - restating in a linguistically sophisticated way, labelling - identifying objects

What are the cultural tendencies of language acquisition?

different cultural beliefs and expectations affect children's language development both through timing of development and amount of development

What is the second stage of language development

babbling stage

Describe universal adaptability (embedded video clip).

the capacity of infants to detect all speech sounds

What does Noam Chomsky propose?

Language acquisition device that describes a biological endowment enabling the child to detect features and rules of language

Define the interactionist view.

said that individuals learn about society through interactions with other people

Language Rule Systems

Language consists of four rules or parts: phonemes (smallest unit of sound in the human language such as consonants and vowels), morphemes (smallest unit of meaning. It is made up of one or more phonemes), syntax (set of rules for combining words into meaningful phrases or sentences to express thoughts that can be understood by others) and semantics (Understanding the meaning of words or phrases when they appear in certain sentences or contexts)

Summarize the work of Patricia Kuhl.

played phonemes from a multitude of languages through a speaker for infants to hear then a box with a toy bear is placed where the infant can see it and a string of identical syllables are played then changed, if the infant turns its head when the syllables change the bear dances as a reward

Describe how children learn their first words.

they learn their first words because they're the names of important things or people

Define vocabulary spurt.

starting at 18 months children start increasing the vocabulary far more rapidly

Summarize the biological and environmental influences upon language development.

to speak infants require certain vocal apparatus and a nervous system with certain capabilities, they also needs to be influences socially and environmentally to learn the ability to speak through behaviorism

Describe the association of language acquisition and socio-economic status.

Also, describe the association between language and how much mothers speak to their infant. children who have access to more social influences and better opportunities are more likely to develop better and quicker language, mothers who can afford to not work and afford books to read to their children have children who have the highest levels of language development

Define child-directed speech and include strategies.

language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words, this captures an infants attention and helps maintain communication

Describe the research measures used to judge temperament.

questionnaires, behavioral observations, psychophysiological measures

Describe the work of Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess and list their temperament types.

Their temperament types are:

easy - generally positive mood

difficult - reacts negatively

slow to warm up - low activity, mood intensity

Describe the factors which are believed to determine our temperament.

biology, genes, environmental factors, experiences

Describe how culture may influence temperament. Also, describe two interpretations that are listed to describe shyness.

cultures standards for behavior affect temperament, in North America shy children are less popular among peers but in China shy children are more popular among social groups

Describe the temperament differences between boys and girls.

boys tend to be more active and impulsive and involved in physical activities than girls

Why do gender differences exist?

partially biology, but more environment and experience like parents enforcing gender roles on their kids

Describe "goodness of fit" and how parents may influence it.

how children's temperament fits to their environment, parents can change the child's environment

Describe stability of temperament.

temperament becomes more stable after age 3 due to growing brains and skills

How does personality differ from temperament?

temperament is baseline for personality, personality includes how we think of ourselves and others

How does activity level relate to social behavior?

active preschoolers tend to be more sociable and energetic when growing up but are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior

How does self-regulation relate?

can change how temperament influences their development

Briefly explain INSIGHTS. Do you think that it will work on Gregory the Grumpy?

a 10 week program for elementary school students, teachers and parents learning to recognize child's temperament and its difference from behavior, yes

What is an orchid?

description of children with challenging temperaments, in unfavorable conditions orchids wilt and wither but in good conditions they thrive

Explain the strange technique and the importance of the childs behavior

parent and child enter room then a stranger enters and the parent leaves, parent comes back to comfort child and child's reaction shows their attachment type

Secure attachment

explores freely and may engage with stranger, happy when mom returns, 65%

insecure ambivalent attachment

comes from insensitive parent who responds inconsistently to childs needs, makes child distrustful of world & relationships, need constant reassurance, angry & resist being soothed when mom comes back, 10-15%

insecure avoidant attachment

child avoids contact with caregiver and others, child believes needs go unmet and cargiver doesnt provide, child is mroe independent & disengaged little emotion and may run away when mom comes back, 20%

insecure disorganized/disoriented attachment

child is given mixed responses from caregiver, child does not learn to interpret emotions or connect with caregiver, disrupts childs ability to regulate emotions, inconsistent ways of coping with stress, from abuse, avoid or approach then freeze and fall to floor when mom comes back, 5-10%

describe how a child becomes securely attached

consistent contact from 1+ caregivers who meet the emotional & physical needs of a child

describe reactive attachment disorder

child experiences social neglect and deprivation, repeatedly changes caregivers, difficulty forming attachments, developmental delays

neurogenesis

generation of new neurons

neuronal migration

neurons spread to expand brain

infants

born with large heads, weak necks, only basic reflexes, born with most of brain cell neurons

exuberance

rapid creation and growth of dendrites

synaptogenesis

formation of new synapses (connection btwn neurons)

synaptic blooming

period of rapid neural growth

neuroconstructivist view

genes and environment influence development, brain has plasticity that is context dependent, development of brain corresponds to cognitive development

pruning

the process of eliminating unused synapses, causes brain to function more efficiently, experiences shape pruning, 40% connections lost, lots during childhood & adolescence

infant memory

memory requires a degree of brain maturation so infant memory is fragile

infantile amnesia

the inability to remember events from early childhood

sudden infant death syndrome

a condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and suddenly dies without an apparent cause

Shaken baby syndrome

shaken babies have brain swelling and hemorrhaging, most fathers/bfs

emotions

emotion linked interchanges provide foundation for infants attachment to parent, toddlers hearing parents fight causes distress which inhibits play, ability to cope with stress/emotional development are influenced by caregivers neglecting children, show emotion through crying or smiling

temperament

individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding, differences in reactivity & self-regulation

jerome kagan

children inherit temperament, parents usually grasp concept of temperament after birth of 2nd child, Inhibited Children -at risk for anxiety/react to unfamiliarity with avoidance and stress

Goodness of fit

the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with, lack of fit causes adjustment problems

Erikson

Trust v Mistrust: 0-18mo, challenge of establishing trust with caregiver

Autonomy v Shame & Doubt: 1-3yrs, build autonomy and authority over surroundings

said trust issues arise throughout a lifetime

Transition to Parenthood

new parents usually want strong attachment to their children, affected by job and attachment to spouse

Attachment

the enduring emotional tie to a special person characterized by a tendency to seek & maintain closeness especially during stress

Harry Harlow

Wire Mother Experiment - Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers, show effects of deprivation of love, shows love is vital for development

Bowlby

attachment theory, infant & primary caregivers are predisposed to form attachments, newborn is biologically equipped to elicit attachment (cuteness of babies), maternal deprivation

Ainsworth

attachment theory, designed strange situation experiment, parent and child in room then Mom leaves child with stranger then comes back to comfort child

Attachment theory

Bowlby & Ainsworth, infants become attached to adults who are (1) sensitive (2) remain as constant caregivers, parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment aka "internal working models"

Characteristics of Attachment

caregiver provides safe haven & secure base for child to explore