APUSH Topic 4

Did the majority of southerners own slaves?

No

What did most leaders argued for for the south?

That slavery was part of the Southern way of life

What did Southern business leaders continue to rely on?

The production and export of traditional agricultural staples

Where did slaveholders begin to relocate to, and why?

West of the Appalachians, overcultivation depleted arable land

Why did the yeoman South follow what the elite South voted on?

The yeoman South depended on the elite South

What did Calhoun state about slavery?

Slavery is essential

What were antislavery efforts in the South limited to?

Unsuccessful slave rebellions

What did enslaved blacks and free African Americans do and why?

Created communities and strategies, to protect their dignity and family structures

What did enslaved blacks and free African Americans do politically?

They joined political efforts aimed at changing their status

What is the importance of Nat Turner’s Rebellion?

It was the blueprint for slave rebellion

What was the importance of US v Amistad?

It led to more control over slaves

What contributed to moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements?

Democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, changes to society, and greater social and geographical mobility caused by the market revolution

What did new voluntary organizations aimed to do, and how did they plan to achieve this?

Change individual behaviors and improve society, temperance and other reform efforts

What gradually achieved emancipation in the North?

Abolitionist and antislavery movements

Where did antislavery movements increase in?

The North

What did the women’s rights movement sought to create?

Greater equality and opportunities for women

What was addressed at the Seneca Falls Convention

Women’s rights

What were the 4 reforms that occured?

Religious, temperance, abolition, women’s rights

What contributed to a Second Great Awakening?

The rise in democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, changes in society, and greater social and geographical mobility

What were the values during the Second Great Awakening?

Righteous living, personal restraint, strong moral rectitude, expansive democracy

What did the Second Great Awakening place into one’s hands?

Salvation

Who was an important preacher during the Second Great Awakening?

Charles Grandison Finney

What did the new national culture combine?

American elements, European influences, regional cultural sensibilities

What influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture?

Liberal social ideas from abroad and romantic beliefs in human perfectability

What is romanticism?

The change in art from cold to warm, emotional art

What is transcendentalism?

A philosophy of human perfectionism

What did utopian communities do?

Separate themselves from the evils of society

What were the 3 most known utopian communities?

Shakers, Oneida, Mormons

What new political parties formed?

The democrats and the whigs

Who led the new political parties?

Andrew Jackson led the Democrats, Henry Clay led the Whigs

What did the new political parties disagree on?

Tariffs, national bank, federally funded internal improvements

What did American Indian resistance lead to?

Wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations

What did the Democrats support?

Limited federal government, free trade, local rule

What did the Whigs support?

Protective tariffs, national bank, involved central government, federally funded internal improvements

What did the Trail of Tears do?

Relocated the Cherokees

What did Jackson do about American Indians?

Started Jackson’s Indian Removal

How did the nation transition to a more participatory democracy?

By allowing non-landowning white males to vote

What did the prior democrats support?

Limited federal power, strict constructionism

What did the National Republicans support?

Expansive federal power, loose constructionism

Where did large numbers of international migrants move to?

Industrializing Northern cities

Where did many Americans move to?

West of the Appalachians, along the Ohio and Mississippi River

What significantly increased due to the growth of manufacturing?

Prosperity and standards of living

How were the economic classes affected by the Market Revolution?

Middle class grew, a small but wealthy business elite was made, a large and growing population of laboring poor was made

How did agriculture change from the Market Revolution?

Agriculture changed from semi-subsistence agriculture to producing goods for distant markets

How did gender and family roles change in response to the Market Revolution?

Domestic ideals emphasized the separation of public and private spheres

What did Nativists oppose?

Immigrants

How was migration during the Market Revolution?

Many European immigrants

Who was a part of the middle class?

Businessmen, shopkeepers, journalists, doctors, lawyers

What did the middle class value?

Education, temperance, protestant affiliation

What was the significance of the Lowell Factory?

It brought women to the workforce

What was the ideal of the Cult of Domesticity?

Women are to have babies, raise them, and provide a home for their spouse

Entrepeneurs helped to create what?

A Market Revolution in production and commerce

What happened to the manufacture of goods as a result of the Market Revolution?

It became more organized

What were the innovations in the Market Revolution that increased the efficiency of production methods?

Textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, telegraph, agricultural inventions

What did legislation and judicial systems support the development of?

Roads, canals, railroads

What 2 regions did transportation networks link?

North and Midwest

What was the significance of the Market Revolution?

It coordinated industry in the U.S.

What did the U.S. sought to do throughout the North American continent?

Claim territory

What did the U.S. sought to promote?

Foreign trade

How did the U.S. government sought influence and control over the Western Hemisphere through?

Military actions, American Indian removal, diplomatic efforts

What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?

To deter Europe from the Western Hemisphere

What was the result of the War of 1817?

America gaining Florida from Spain

Why did James Monroe send John Quincy Adams to London to settle territorial claims?

The Treaty of Ghent left things unclear

Regional interests trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders’ positions on what?

Slavery and economic policy

What planned to further unify the U.S. economy?

Henry Clay’s American System

What did plans to further unify the U.S. economy generate debates on?

Whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry

Did political compromises like the Missouri Compromise work at lessening tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery?

No

What did the Missouri Compromise do?

Made Missouri a slave state, created Maine and made it a free state

What did national political parties continue to debate?

The tariff, powers of the federal government, relations with European powers

What did Supreme Court decisions establish?

The primacy of the judiciary and that federal laws took precedence over state laws

Following the Louisiana Purchase, how did the U.S. sought influence and control over North America?

Through exploration and diplomatic efforts