trash

Over time, the hull of a sunken ship may become colonized by a wide range of marine organisms. What term is used to describe all of the organisms living in and on a sunken ship?

a) Community

b) Ecological niche

c) Population

d) Ecosystem

a) Community

Which organism would be classified as a saprotroph?

a) A single-celled eukaryote that obtains its carbon compounds by photosynthesis and ingestion of other single-celled organisms

b) A jellyfish that uses the stinging cells in its tentacles to paralyse its prey, which is passed to an internal gastric cavity through a single opening

c) A fungus that feeds by secretion of digestive enzymes onto its food and absorption of digested material

d) A dung beetle that feeds on the fecal material left behind by other animals

c) A fungus that feeds by secretion of digestive enzymes onto its food and absorption of digested material

Which level(s) of ecological complexity involve(s) biotic factors but not abiotic factors?

i. community ii. ecosystem iii.population

a) i only

b) ii only

c) i and ii only

d) i and iii only

d) i and iii only

How can a chi-squared test be used in ecological research?

a) To test the effect of an abiotic factor on one plant species

b) To test whether two species tend to live together

c) To test whether one population of plants is taller than another

d) To test whether one species is more tolerant to heavy metals than another

b) To test whether two species tend to live together

Hummingbirds eat flower nectar and small insects. To which nutritional group do they belong? A. Autotrophs

B. Consumers

C. Detritivores

D. Saprotrophs

B. Consumers

In 1789 Gilbert White, a naturalist, observed eight breeding pairs of swifts (Apus apus) in the English village of Selborne. On average, each pair of swifts produces two offspring per year. This would allow the population to rise to

1030 swifts over 200 years. A bird survey carried out in 1983 revealed only 12 breeding pairs in this village.

What could have prevented the numbers rising to 1030?

l. The number of nesting sites remained the same.

II. The food supply of the swifts remained constant.

iii. Predatory birds in the area were exterminated.

A. i only

B. I and II only

C. II and Ill only

D. l, II and Ill

B. I and II only

Limpets are molluscs with conical shells that cling tightly to rocks on seashores. In a study of two species of limpets found on rocks along the Oregon coast, 30 randomly placed quadrats were used to determine how often the two species occurred together. The table shows the data that were collected.

Which statistical method will determine whether these two species occur together by chance or by some kind of interaction?

A. Chi-squared test

B. t-test

C. Standard deviation

D. Means and ranges

A. Chi-squared test

The image shows a food web.

Which organism in the food web is assigned to its method of nutrition?

A. A violet webcap fungus is both an autotroph and a heterotroph

B. A pillbug is a secondary consumer.

C. Bacteria are saprotrophs.

D. Violet webcap fungus is a detritivore

D. Violet webcap fungus is a detritivore

Which processes occur in an ecosystem?

l. Biomass increases in each successive trophic level.

II. Inorganic nutrients are recycled.

Ill. Chemical energy is stored in carbon compounds.

A. I and II only

B. I and Ill only

C. ll and Ill only

D. I, II and Ill

C. ll and Ill only

The image shows a transect through a stream and a field.

Which calculation would test for the association between two

species of plants from quadrat data from section A and section

B of the field?

A. Correlation coefficient

B. Random numbers sampling

C. Standard Deviation

D. Chi-squared

D. Chi-squared

Which are characteristics of a species?

l. The potential to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

II. The formation of a population with members of the same species within a community

Ill. The overproduction of offspring

A. I and II only

B. I and Ill only

C. II and Ill only

D l, II and Ill

D l, II and Ill

Compare and contrast the mode of nutrition of detritivores and saprotrophs.

Detritivores are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from detritus by internal digestion. Saprotrophs are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion. Both groups constitute of heterotrophs. They contribute to recycling nutrients in the ecosystems.

Use Chi-Square to determine if there is a association between the size of the lioness and the weight of their cubs.

Null Hypothesis is rejected, the cub;s weight is related to the size of its mother.

In a woodland ecosystem, each tree provides food for numerous aphids which feed on the sap of the tree. The aphids are eaten by carnivorous beetles, as shown in the food chain.

Oak Tree + Aphids + Beetles

Which pyramid of energy represents this relationship?

c

The diagram shows the energy flow between five "sinks" in a terrestrial ecosystem.

In a typical terrestrial ecosystem, which trophic level would

have the highest biomass?

A. Autotrophs

B. Primary consumers

C. Secondary consumers

D. Detritus feeders

A. Autotrophs

Plankton are major producers in marine ecosystems. Only a small proportion of the energy

harvested by plankton is passed to the primary consumers. Which process in phytoplankton results in

the largest loss of energy that could otherwise be utilized by consumers?

A. Reproduction

B. Homeostasis

C. Excretion

D. Respiration

D. Respiration

The diagram shows the food web

for an aquatic ecosystem in which letters R-Z represent individual species.

Which organism is a tertiary consumer?

A. organism T

B. Organism U

C. Organism W

D. Organism Y

C. Organism W

The Silver springs feed into the Silver River in Florida. The diagram shows a pyramid of

energy for the Silver Springs ecosystem. The units are kJ m-2 y-1.

What do level I and level Ill represent in the pyramid of energy?