Counselling Psychology Test 2

main concept of the family system

Reciprocity of influence between the individual and the family

Individual can influence the familyand the family influences the individual

reciprocal influence

thinking in circles rather than straight lines

ex. boss yells at employee which made employee feel inadequate

rules

families often operate based on unspoken

identified client

The development and behaviour of one family member is inextricably interconnected with others in the family.

assumptions of systems theory that says the identified child’s behavior may:

Serve a function or purpose for the family.

Be unintentionally maintained by family process.

Be a function of the family’s inability to operate productively, especially during developmental transitions.

Be a symptom of dysfunctional patterns handed down across generations.

goals of family therapy

To reduce symptoms of dysfunction

To bring about structural change within the system by:

changing family rules

developing appropriate boundaries

To change the individuals within the context of the system

To end generation-to-generation transmission of problems by resolving emotional attachments

differences of family therapy vs individual

Involves meeting with all family members together

Focuses not just on the child but on all family members

Focuses on the needs of family members

Focuses on how family members’ ways of interacting affect all members of the family

Murray Bowen

who created Bowenian therapy

goal of Bowenian therapy

reduce family members’ anxiety, increase individuals’ differentiation of self while maintaining connection, and establishing healthy boundaries between family members

not usually

are children involved in Bowenian therapy?

triangulation

when two family members are experiencing conflict or uncontrolled anxiety and they bring in another family member to dilute the tension

differentiation of self

People’s ability to separate their own intellectual and emotional functioning from other family members

family projection process

Projecting or transmitting parental conflict onto children

nuclear family emotional system

Multigenerational phenomenon with recurrent patterns over the years

emotional cutoff

Geographic or emotional distance between oneself and one’s family to deny attachments and unresolved conflicts

strengths of bowenian family therapy

Applicable to couples, adults, and individual counseling

Culturally inclusive theory by focusing on family structure and values which are rooted in culture

weaknesses of bowenian family therapy

Lengthy, time consuming and costly

Mothers are viewed as overly involved and fathers are viewed as absent

Families in crisis may have more immediate needs

genograms

Assessment tool that outlines three generations of a client’s family tree

Virginia Satir

who created transformational systemic therapy?

Virginia Satir’s beliefs

In the power of congruence and effective communication

The therapeutic relationship is essential and helped clients find their own way to become their best selves

People are basically good and every family has innate potential

Change is possible through a process of growth

placating

self is denied; take the blame for things that go wrong; rushing to rectify any kind of trouble; other is honoured more important than ourselves

blaming

Self attacks, judges, dictates and finds faults; self hostile, violent, self refuses suggestions, and disagrees, other is discounted and denied

assertive

super reasonable

self is denied and not allowed to feel; self is isolated from context; self is rational and must be intelligent; refers to the rules and the right things; other is denied

intellectual

irrelevant

Self distracts attention from issues; self acts inappropriately; self cannot stay focused on a subject; other does not matter

congruent

Congruence: appreciate self; trust and love oneself and others; open and be flexible to change; take risks and accept vulnerability; use inner and outer resources

ideal stance

Leslie Greenberg

who created emotion-focused therapy

emphasis of emotion-focused therapy

awareness, acceptance, and understanding of emotion and the visceral experience of emotion

emotional

what type of change can be a primary pathway to cognitive and behavioural change?

emotional focused therapy strategies help clients

with too little emotion access their emotions and help clients who experience too much emotion contain their emotions.

systemic

Individual behaviour can only be considered as part of the whole – focus is on patterns of behaviour

humanistic experiential

Believes that all people are innately good and capable

The three core conditions of the therapeutic relationship (empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence) are essential

Change happens from reprocessing emotions

emotion

what is the prime motivator in couples therapy?

3 phases of emotion-focused therapy

Phase 1: De-escalation: Assessment, insight of problematic cycles and emotional states

Phase 2: Change in interactional positions: Couple agrees to work on overcoming the problematic cycles; partners express their feelings to each other

Phase 3: Consolidation and integration: A secure attachment between the couple is formed and gains are solidified

family sculpting

Family members are physically molded and directed to take a role that represents how the family views its relationships

choreography

Family members act out an event or pattern in relation to another family member

experiential and humanistic family therapy strategies

sculpting

choreography

Reframing symptoms

Promoting affective confrontation

key concepts of experiential humanistic family therapy

Humanistic: Emphasis on self-esteem, self-worth, and self-actualization

Core conditions of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence

Clients have answers within themselves and can find their own solutions

Process/experiential: Clients develop awareness through experiencing in session

Reconstruction: Families re-enact and clarify dysfunctional communications

Communication: Healthy communication is congruent and emotionally open

The five survival strategies include placating, blaming, super-reasonable, irrelevant, and congruent

Salvador Minuchin

who created structural family therapy?

subsystems, boundaries, rules, communication, and behaviour

structural family therapy focuses on

subsystems

Subgroups of the family including parental, spousal, and sibling

different types of boundaries

Disengagement: Disconnection between family members

Enmeshed: Overly invested in each other and have difficulty making decisions for themselves

Balanced: Family members are connected to each other while remaining independent

coalitions

Teaming up against another family member

parentified child

Child is given responsibilities inconsistent with development

3 phases of structured family therapy therapeutic process

1. Therapist joins with the family and assumes a leadership position

Joining: Therapist becomes a part of the family to understand and improve aspects of the system

Therapists adopt family norms and gain understanding of structure and boundaries

2. Therapist determines family’s structure

Used to set goals and assess progress

3. Therapist works to change the structure

Enactment: Clients act out a previous experience or a characteristic in session

family maps

Visually represent family subsystems, boundaries, hierarchies, and alliances

Jay Haley

who created Strategic family therapy?

communication patterns

main focused of strategic family therapy

paradoxical interventions

Directives in which therapists prescribe an action to clients that the therapist wants resisted

circular questioning

Questions that are used to gain understanding of communication patterns and to increase awareness of the family system and types of relationships within it

linear casuality

Action of one individual leads another individual to respond

circular casuality

A long-lasting, complex spiral of interactions that includes all family dynamics and can become problematic across time

ABC framework

Activating event

belief

emotional and behavioral consequence

important points in development of CBT

Developed in the 1960s mainly due to Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Donald Meichenbaum

C B T is considered the second wave of behaviour therapy

C B T grew out of concern that something was missing in behaviour therapy

A focus on thoughts became important

albert bandura

B.F.Skinner

who created behaviourism?

3 main ideas of behavior therapy

Focuses on observable rather than the unconscious

Focuses on present rather than the past

Focuses on short term treatment and clear goals

key concepts of behaviour therapy

behaviour is learned

All behaviour has a purpose or function

Behaviours must be viewed in context

Therapy should focus on understanding and changing behaviour

Environment can be manipulated to change behaviours

Focus on present

Based on scientific method: systematic, empirical, and experimental

classical conditioning

A type of learning that occurs over time when a repeated presentation of a certain stimulus causes a given response when paired with something else

extinction

is when the conditioned response decreases over time

operant conditioning

A type of learning based on consequences in the environment: the behaviour changes (increases or decreases) based on the positive or negative association of the consequence that follows

counterconditioning

can reverse the habit – pairing the behaviour with an incompatible response to the same cue

social learning theory

A type of learning in which individuals learn by observing and modeling others

important to social learning theory

These internal cognitive appraisals or interpretations of events significantly influence people’s behaviour

modelling

similar to classical and operant conditioning but adds a focus on worldview, beliefs, and persepctives

behaviour therapy therapeutic process

Assessment and evaluation of objective behaviours

Identification of target behaviours

Identification of function of behaviours

Selection of interventions

Ongoing assessment and monitoring to determine effectiveness

Follow up assessments

The therapeutic process can be described as:

Structured

Active

Learning oriented

Unlearning maladaptive behaviours and replacing them with new, learned adaptive behaviours

behaviour theory goals

to help clients be more flexible and sensitive in their reactions to their environment and to establish tools that are effective in helping them meet their needs

behavior therapy: therapist function

Therapists take on many roles including consultants, teachers, architects, and problem solvers

Counselling sessions are often directive, planned, and instructional

Systematic, objective, observable, and rigorous elements are valued by therapists

develop a strong therapeutic alliance

therapeutic techniques and procedures

Assessment

Operant conditioning techniques

Classical conditioning techniques

Skills Training

behaviour therapy assessment

gather initial information

ask questions to best understand the problem

4 functions of behavior

social attention

escape

access

internal sensory needs

social attention

Others laugh, play, look at, care for, or even provide negative attention such as scolding, or punishing (e.g., telling jokes)

escape

a situation or activity; a task is too difficult, scary, boring, unmotivating, uncomfortable, etc. (e.g., misbehaving to get taken out of the classroom during math)

access

to tangibles or activities (e.g., getting dressed quickly so you can go outside and play; whining to get a toy)

internal sensory needs

provides a pleasing internal sensation or removes an unwanted internal sensation (e.g., scratching an itch)

operant conditioning techniques

reinforcement, punishment, extinction

reinforcement

increases a beahvior

punishment

decreases a behaviour

types of reinforcers

generalization

Responding occurs to a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus used during learning

discrimination

There is no response to a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus used during learning.

token economies

Providing a token to the person each time the target behaviour occurs – the tokens are then traded in for a reward

applied behavior analysis

A treatment, particularly helpful for those with autism, which uses operant conditioning to elicit positive behaviour change

primary reinforcers

consist of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs (needs that affect an individual’s ability to survive and, if possible, reproduce).

secondary reinforcers

consist of reinforcing stimuli that acquire their value through learning.

people who experience anxiety, phobias, panic, or trauma

who benefits most from classical conditioning

classical conditioning technique

exposure-based interventions

relaxation techniques

virtual reality therapy

The use of technology to provide exposure; due to the video/3D technology, the level of exposure can be controlled and adjusted

imaginal exposure

Imagining being exposed to feared stimulus

flooding

Intensive/highest dose exposure – being exposed to most feared stimulus right away

systematic desensitization

Gradual exposure to feared stimulus using relaxation exercise

interoceptive exposure

Exposure to feared bodily sensations

relaxation techniques

progressive muscle relaxation

diaphragmatic breathing

biofeedback

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

An exposure-based therapy that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders and fearful memories of clients

behavioral activation

uinvolves increasing pleasurable activities on a daily basis to help motivate people with depression who may experience low energy and who may have withdrawn from life

behavior therapy strengths

Easily integrated with other approaches

Provided foundation for variety of other approaches

Specific and concrete – clients move toward action

Brevity, emphasis on the present, commitment to teach coping strategies, and problem-solving orientation

Collaborative

Applicable to diverse, multicultural population

focus on behavior vs emotions may suit some cultures better

behavior therapy limits

Does not focus on feelings

Heavy focus on behavioural change may detract from client’s experience of emotions

Behaviour therapy tends to focus on symptoms rather than underlying causes of maladaptive behaviours

therapists role of teacher deemphasizes the client therapist alliance

ABCDEF in cognitive therapy

activating event

beliefs

emotional and behavioural consequence

disputing intervention

effective belief/philosophy

new feelings

cognitive techniques and procdures

Case formulation

Dysfunctional thought record

Labeling cognitive distortions

Thought challenging: determining the validity of cognitions & modifying cognitions

cognitive triad

Negative view of self

Negative view of the world

Negative view of the future

pattern that triggers depression

Clients hold negative views of themselves.

“I am a lousy person.” Selective abstraction

Client interprets life events through a negative filter.

“The world is a negative place where bad things are bound to happen to me.”

Client holds a gloomy vision of the future. “The world is bleak and it isn’t going to improve.”

cognitive schemas

core beliefs, Internal working models of the self in relation to the world, starting in early life

automatic thoughts

Thoughts that arise automatically in response to certain situations or cues