Bio reviewer Quiz 2

Cell Wall

Surrounds the cell membrane for additional protection to plant cells, made up of cellulose.

Primary Cell Wall

Contains a cellulose layer, divides and grows cells.

Secondary Cell Wall

Synthesized in specialized cells, made up of treachery elements and fibers.

Middle Lamella

Acts as a layer of cement between neighboring cells.

Chloroplast

Organelle found in plant cells, absorbs solar light, produces sugar through photosynthesis.

Inner Membrane

Forms a border to the stroma, controls flow of materials in and out of chloroplast.

Outer Membrane

Semi-porous membrane, permeable to small molecules and ions.

Stoma Lamella

Keeps grana at a distance to increase synthesis efficiency.

Thylakoid

Traps light energy and converts it into ATP and NADPH.

Granum

Increases surface area of thylakoids, absorbs more light.

Stroma

Alkaline, protein-rich fluid present within the inner membrane of the chloroplast.

Intermembrane Space

Thin space between the outer and inner membrane of the chloroplast.

Endocytosis

Process of taking in materials or molecules from the exterior of the cell to the interior.

Phagocytosis

Type of endocytosis where cells absorb large particles like bacteria.

Pinocytosis

Type of endocytosis where cells take in materials or molecules from extracellular fluid.

Exocytosis

Process of taking out materials or molecules from the interior of the cell to the exterior.1. Exocytosis:The process of transporting materials or molecules from the inside of the cells to the outside through active transport.

Cell membrane

The semi-permeable barrier that separates the inside and outside of the cell.

Lipids

Compounds that are not soluble in water but are soluble in some organic solvents. They play a major role in membrane organization and function.

Phospholipids

A major component of the cell membrane that forms the lipid bilayer, with hydrophilic heads facing the cytosol and extracellular fluid, and hydrophobic tails facing away from the cytosol and extracellular fluid.

Cholesterol

A lipid located in the phospholipid bilayer that helps stabilize the cell membrane and regulate what can pass through it.

Proteins

Biomolecules made out of amino acids and the second major component of the cell membrane.

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

Proteins that are connected to the exterior of the membrane and interact with other proteins.

Integral Membrane Proteins

Proteins located inside the membrane, exposed to the exterior and interior of the membrane.

Transmembrane Proteins

Proteins that extend all the way across the membrane.

Structural proteins

Proteins that give support and structure to the cell.

Receptor proteins

Proteins used to communicate with other cells through hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules.

Transport proteins

Proteins that transport molecules across the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion.

Glycoproteins

Proteins with a carbohydrate chain that help in cell-to-cell communication and transporting molecules across the cell membrane. They enable cell recognition and adhesion.1. Carbohydrate Groups:Carbohydrates attached to the outside surface of the cell membrane, forming cellular markers for cell identification.

Golgi Complex, Apparatus, Body

Responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport.

Lysosomes

Organelles made from Golgi vesicles, acting as the "packaging and shipping center" of the cell.

Glycosylation

The process of covalently attaching a carbohydrate sugar to lipids, proteins, or other organic molecules through an enzymatic reaction.

Exocytosis

The process by which molecules leave the Golgi and are delivered to different intracellular or extracellular targets.

Protein processing

Alteration of carbohydrate regions of glycoproteins through the addition, removal, or modification of carbohydrates.

Lipid processing

Addition of phosphate groups and glycoproteins to lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum to create phospholipids for the cell membrane.

Cis-Golgi

The region of the Golgi apparatus nearest to the endoplasmic reticulum, serving as the entry point.

Medial-Golgi

The central layer of the Golgi apparatus, responsible for major processing and biochemical modifications.

Trans-Golgi

The region of the Golgi apparatus farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum, serving as the exit point for vesicles and sorting biochemicals.

Nucleus

A large and spherical membrane-bound organelle, acting as the control center of the cell.

Nuclear envelope

A double membrane enclosing the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm and providing structural support.

Nuclear pores

Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow for the exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Nucleolus

A structure within the nucleus involved in the production of ribosomes.

Nucleoplasm

The fluid-filled interior of the nucleus.

Nuclear lamina

A network of protein filaments that provides structural support to the nucleus.

Chromatin

The material within the nucleus consisting of DNA and proteins, which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.1. Nuclear pores:Protein-lined channels in the nuclear envelope that regulate the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Nucleolus

A spherical structure responsible for producing and assembling the cell's ribosomes, as well as transcribing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes.

Ribosomes

Cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis, composed of two subunits that lock around messenger RNA and read each three-letter codon.

Nucleoplasm

Viscous fluid containing DNA-based chromatin found in the nucleus, serving as a suspension medium for nucleus organelles and facilitating transportation of ions and molecules.

Nuclear lamina

Complex protein mesh attached to the inner nuclear membrane, providing mechanical support to the nucleus and nuclear envelope, involved in chromatin organization, gene regulation, and signaling.

Chromatin

Mixture of DNA and proteins forming chromosomes, packaging and compressing DNA into a compact structure while allowing accessibility for transcription.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Sac-like structure with interconnected membranes involved in calcium storage, protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and transportation.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Responsible for synthesizing steroid hormones, detoxifying the body, and contributing to glucose production in the liver.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Site of protein synthesis and plays a key role in sorting proteins destined for various cellular locations.1. Cytoplasm:The gel-like fluid inside the cell that provides a medium for chemical reactions and movement of dissolved molecules.

Cytosol

The area of the cytoplasm not filled by an organelle, serving as a fluid medium within the cell.

Organelles

Tiny structures suspended in the cytoplasm, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, each with a specific structure and function.

Cytoplasmic Inclusions

Insoluble particles suspended in the cytosol, which may store energy and granules of starch and glycogen.

Cytoplasmic Streaming

The movement of cytoplasmic fluid within a cell.

Mitochondria

Double-membraned, rod-shaped structures found in both plant and animal cells, often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.