PE

Which of the following is not a function of the human skeleton?

Ensure the individual maintains correct posture

The elbow joint is an example of a:

Hinge joint

The action of lowering to a squat involves what action at the knee joint?

Extension

Which of the following movements is not possible at a hinge joint?

Circumduction

Tendons attach:

Muscle to bone

While standing in the anatomical position, you lift one leg out to the side. The movement is known as:

Abduction

The femur is an example of a:

Long bone

Slow twitch muscle fibres:

Exert less force during contraction

Eversion refers to:

Rotation of the sole of the foot outwards

An elite 50m freestyle swimmer would most likely have:

Considerably more fast twitch fibres in the upper body

When viewing the skeleton from superior to inferior, the correct order of the following is:

Skull, clavicle, sternum, sacrum

A student performs a vertical jump test. From highest to lowest bones, which order is correct?

Clavicle, ilium, humerus, carpals

Involuntary muscles:

Include cardiac muscles, muscles of the intestines and muscles of the stomach

When tension within a muscle varies throughout the range of motion it is called:

Isoinertial contraction

The Sliding Filament Theory explains how:

Actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments

Cartilage:

Is a tough, flexible type of connective tissue

A synovial joint is classified as:

Freely moveable

If the radius and ulna are crossed, the hand is said to be:

Pronated

The bones that form the elbow joint are:

Humerus, radius and ulna

The term medial refers to:

Towards the midline or middle of the body

The muscles found in the walls of the intestine and blood vessels are examples of:

Smooth Muscles

The action of lowering to a squat involves what action at the knee joint?

Extension

The joint formed when the ribs attach to sternum is an example of a:

Cartilaginous joint

The function of the skeleton is to:

All of the above

The paired action of muscles, where one contracts and the other relaxes, is called:

Reciprocal inhibition

Gaseous exchange in the lungs involves:

O₂ from alveoli to capillaries and CO₂ from capillaries to alveoli

A motor unit is:

The neuron and all the muscle fibres it controls.

What is a skeletal muscle?

A voluntary muscle that moves bones.

What is a smooth muscle?

An involuntary muscle found in organs like the stomach and intestines.

What is a cardiac muscle?

Involuntary muscle found only in the heart.

What is a tendon?

A tough band that connects muscle to bone.

What is a ligament?

A strong band that connects bone to bone at a joint.

What is cartilage?

Smooth, flexible tissue that covers the ends of bones and absorbs shock.

What is reciprocal inhibition?

When one muscle contracts, the opposite muscle relaxes.

What is an agonist muscle?

The main muscle doing the movement (e.g. biceps in a curl).

What is an antagonist muscle?

The muscle that relaxes during movement (e.g. triceps in a curl).

What is a stabiliser muscle?

A muscle that keeps a joint steady while other muscles move.

What is the All or Nothing Principle?

When a motor unit is activated, all its fibres contract fully or not at all.

What is the size principle of recruitment?

Small motor units are used for light tasks; larger ones are used when more force is needed.

What are slow twitch (Type I) fibres?

Red muscle fibres that work slowly, resist fatigue, and use oxygen – good for endurance.

What are fast twitch (Type IIa) fibres?

Medium-speed muscle fibres used in both strength and endurance.

What are fast twitch (Type IIb) fibres?

White fibres that work fast and powerfully but fatigue quickly – good for short bursts.

What is a concentric contraction?

When a muscle shortens while working, like lifting a weight.

What is an eccentric contraction?

When a muscle lengthens while controlling a movement, like lowering a weight.

What is an isometric contraction?

When the muscle stays the same length while holding a position, like a plank.

What is a fibrous joint?

A joint with no movement, like the skull.

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A slightly movable joint like ribs to sternum.

What is a synovial joint?

A freely moving joint like the knee or shoulder.

What is the synovial fluid?

The liquid in synovial joints that lubricates and reduces friction.

What is flexion?

Bending a joint to decrease the angle, like bending the elbow.

What is extension?

Straightening a joint to increase the angle, like straightening the knee.

What is abduction?

Moving a limb away from the middle of the body.

What is adduction?

Moving a limb toward the middle of the body.

What is dorsiflexion?

Lifting the foot upward at the ankle.

What is plantarflexion?

Pointing the toes downward at the ankle.

What is pronation?

Turning the palm downward.

What is supination?

Turning the palm upward.