PE

1. Which of the following is not a function of the human skeleton?
(a) Produce red blood cells
(b) Act as a store house for calcium
(c) Enable movement
(d) Ensure the individual maintains correct posture ✅

2. The elbow joint is an example of a:
(a) Pivot joint
(b) Ball and socket joint
(c) Hinge joint ✅
(d) Fixed joint

3. The action of lowering to a squat involves what action at the knee joint?
(a) Adduction
(b) Abduction
(c) Flexion
(d) Extension ✅

4. Which of the following movements is not possible at a hinge joint?
(a) Flexion
(b) Circumduction ✅
(c) Extension
(d) None of the above movements are possible at a hinge joint

5. Tendons attach:
(a) Muscles to muscle
(b) Bone to bone
(c) Muscle to bone ✅
(d) Bone to cartilage

6. While standing in the anatomical position, you lift one leg out to the side. The movement is known as:
(a) Adduction
(b) Internal rotation
(c) Circumduction
(d) Abduction ✅

7. The femur is an example of a:
(a) Short bone
(b) Irregular bone
(c) Long bone ✅
(d) Flat bone

8. Slow twitch muscle fibres:
(a) Are best suited to anaerobic activity
(b) Exert less force during contraction ✅
(c) Contract quickly
(d) Exert great force in short bursts

9. Eversion refers to:
(a) A body part that describes a cone shape
(b) Rotation of the sole of the foot inwards
(c) Rotation of the sole of the foot outwards ✅
(d) Lateral rotation

10. An elite 50m freestyle swimmer would most likely have:
(a) An equal portion of fast and slow twitch muscle fibres in the upper body
(b) Considerably more slow twitch fibres in the upper body
(c) Considerably more fast twitch fibres in the upper body ✅
(d) Only fast twitch fibres in the upper body

11. When viewing the skeleton from superior to inferior, the correct order of the following is:
(a) Sacrum, sternum, clavicle, skull
(b) Sternum, clavicle, sacrum, skull
(c) Clavicle, sacrum, sternum, skull
(d) Skull, clavicle, sternum, sacrum ✅

12. A student performs a vertical jump test. From highest to lowest bones, which order is correct?
(a) Clavicle, ilium, humerus, carpals ✅
(b) Humerus, carpals, ilium, clavicle
(c) Carpals, humerus, clavicle, ilium
(d) Ilium, clavicle, carpals, humerus

13. Involuntary muscles:
(a) Include cardiac muscles, muscles of the intestines and muscles of the stomach ✅
(b) Are under our conscious control
(c) Are also known as striped, striated or skeletal muscles
(d) Attach muscle to bone

14. When tension within a muscle varies throughout the range of motion it is called:
(a) Isokinetic contraction
(b) Isometric contraction
(c) Isoinertial contraction ✅
(d) Muscle cramp

15. The Sliding Filament Theory explains how:
(a) Actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments ✅
(b) The number of muscle fibres within each motor unit vary
(c) ATP is resynthesised during muscle contraction
(d) Sarcomeres join with each other to form myofibril

16. Cartilage:
(a) Produces red blood cells
(b) Connects muscle to bone
(c) Has nerve and blood supply of its own
(d) Is a tough, flexible type of connective tissue ✅

17. A synovial joint is classified as:
(a) Freely moveable ✅
(b) Immovable
(c) Partially moveable
(d) None of the above

18. If the radius and ulna are crossed, the hand is said to be:
(a) Flexed
(b) Supinated
(c) Pronated ✅
(d) Hyperextended

19. The bones that form the elbow joint are:
(a) Femur, radius, ulna
(b) Humerus and radius
(c) Radius and ulna
(d) Humerus, radius and ulna ✅

20. The term medial refers to:
(a) Towards the side of the body away from the middle
(b) Towards the midline or middle of the body ✅
(c) Any feature closer to the surface of the body
(d) Any feature further from the surface of the body

21. The muscles found in the walls of the intestine and blood vessels are examples of:
(a) Skeletal Muscles
(b) Smooth Muscles ✅
(c) Agonist Muscles
(d) Cardiac Muscles

22. The action of lowering to a squat involves what action at the knee joint?
(a) Adduction
(b) Abduction
(c) Flexion
(d) Extension ✅

23. The joint formed when the ribs attach to sternum is an example of a:
(a) Fixed or Fibrous joint
(b) Cartilaginous joint ✅
(c) Synovial joint
(d) Condyloid joint

24. The function of the skeleton is to:
(a) Provide support and protection for the body
(b) Store minerals and manufacture red blood cells
(c) Provide a structure for muscle attachment enabling movement to occur
(d) All of the above ✅

25. The paired action of muscles, where one contracts and the other relaxes, is called:
(a) Flexion and extension
(b) Agonist and antagonist
(c) Reciprocal inhibition ✅
(d) Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

26. Gaseous exchange in the lungs involves:
(a) CO₂ from alveoli into capillaries and O₂ from capillaries into alveoli
(b) Air from the bronchioles via the pharynx and larynx to alveoli
(c) H₂O from capillaries to alveoli and O₂ from alveoli to capillaries
(d) O₂ from alveoli to capillaries and CO₂ from capillaries to alveoli ✅

27. A motor unit is:
(a) Controlled by the brain
(b) The neuron and all the muscle fibres it controls
(c) Aided in contraction by acetylcholine
(d) All of the above ✅

What is a skeletal muscle?
A voluntary muscle that moves bones

What is a smooth muscle?
An involuntary muscle found in organs like the stomach and intestines

What is a cardiac muscle?
Involuntary muscle found only in the heart

What is a tendon?
A tough band that connects muscle to bone

What is a ligament?
A strong band that connects bone to bone at a joint

What is cartilage?
Smooth, flexible tissue that covers the ends of bones and absorbs shock

What is reciprocal inhibition?
When one muscle contracts, the opposite muscle relaxes

What is an agonist muscle?
The main muscle doing the movement (e.g. biceps in a curl)

What is an antagonist muscle?
The muscle that relaxes during movement (e.g. triceps in a curl)

What is a stabiliser muscle?
A muscle that keeps a joint steady while other muscles move

What is a motor unit?
One motor nerve and all the muscle fibres it controls

What is the All or Nothing Principle?
When a motor unit is activated, all its fibres contract fully or not at all

What is the size principle of recruitment?
Small motor units are used for light tasks; larger ones are used when more force is needed

What are slow twitch (Type I) fibres?
Red muscle fibres that work slowly, resist fatigue, and use oxygen – good for endurance

What are fast twitch (Type IIa) fibres?
Medium-speed muscle fibres used in both strength and endurance

What are fast twitch (Type IIb) fibres?
White fibres that work fast and powerfully but fatigue quickly – good for short bursts

What is a concentric contraction?
When a muscle shortens while working, like lifting a weight

What is an eccentric contraction?
When a muscle lengthens while controlling a movement, like lowering a weight

What is an isometric contraction?
When the muscle stays the same length while holding a position, like a plank

What is a fibrous joint?
A joint with no movement, like the skull

What is a cartilaginous joint?
A slightly movable joint like ribs to sternum

What is a synovial joint?
A freely moving joint like the knee or shoulder

What is the synovial fluid?
The liquid in synovial joints that lubricates and reduces friction

What is flexion?
Bending a joint to decrease the angle, like bending the elbow

What is extension?
Straightening a joint to increase the angle, like straightening the knee

What is abduction?
Moving a limb away from the middle of the body

What is adduction?
Moving a limb toward the middle of the body

What is dorsiflexion?
Lifting the foot upward at the ankle

What is plantarflexion?
Pointing the toes downward at the ankle

What is pronation?
Turning the palm downward

What is supination?
Turning the palm upward