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Saint Augustine of Hippo

Wanted Jews to stay in Rome as a testament for what happens when you reject the will of God

Sadia Ben Joseph

Ga'on at the academy of Sura, first significant Jewish philosopher and founder of Judeo-Arabic thought

Christian Political Approach to Jews

Used Jews as proof that the way of God was true, but Jews just didn't know how to interpret God's ideas

Islamic View of Jews

Viewed as second class citizens "dhimmis" that paid a poll tax and had restrictions in return for autonomy and protection

Gaonate / Ge'onim

The 3 men that ruled 90% of the Jewish world

Karaism

Jewish movement that rejected the authority of the Rabbinic (oral) Law, the Mishnah and Talmud

Pact of Umar

Jews had to follow in order to maintain protection from Muslims. Had restrictions on their dress, fashion, display of religion, social segregation, and security

Tariq the One-eyed

Invaded Spain in 711 initiating the Muslim-Berber Invasion of Spain, and causing Spain to become Muslim

Abd Al Rachman I

Founder of the Umayyad Arab dynasty, fled to Spain after the Abbasid takeover and is wanted because he is a "real Arab"

Abd Al-Rachman III

Takes the title "Caliph" (929), achieved independence from Baghdad

Judah HaLevi

Poet during the Golden Age of Spain who wrote a love poem, The Apple

Moses Maimonides

Spanish philosopher considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages who codified Jewish law in the Talmud

The Golden Age of Spain

Explosion in Jewish secular, cultural, and scholarly creativity

Almorravids and Almohads

Conquer Spain in 1091 and 1146 with an extreme intolerance towards non Muslims "The Korran or the Sword", as a result Jews convert, flee to Christian lands, or to Egypt

Nachmanides

Spanish Rabbi that made commentary on the Torah that was published later in his life

Moses de Leon

Author of Zohar, the idea that the Torah is about the secret nature of God

The Reconquista

Reconquering of Spain, in which Jews generally prosper because they knew the land, and were trusted more than Muslims

The wake of the Reconquista

Jews caught in increasing tension between the Church, the nobility and the crown

Conversos/Marranos

Jews who converted to Christianity, either willingly or unwillingly, following the Christian takeover of Spain

Decree of Expulsion (1492)

Jewish exile from Spain due to religious zeal, ideology, and need for land/money

Las Siete Partidas

A series of Spanish laws granting slaves certain rights relating to marriage, the holding of property, and access to freedom (example of the good/bad relationship with Jews after the Reconquista)

Rabbi Gershom

First significant Rabbi in Ashkenaz who created important regulations, but had no secular creativity

Rashi

Jewish scholar who studied the Torah and Talmud and made comprehensive commentaries on them

Charter of Bishop Rudiger of Speyer

Protective charter that gave Jewish communities some business rights and limited self rule in the Christian world

Jewish Communities of Ashkenaz

Decentralized local leadership, experienced semi-autonomy and had some central institutions

The First Crusade

Widespread massacres of Jews by mobs and soldiers which led to forced conversions and a a declining status of European Jews

Blood Libel

Jews were accused of murdering young William of Norwhich and using his blood in rituals

Trial of the Talmud

Pope Gregory IX condemns the Talmud and holds a Trial, afterwards many copies of the Talmud are burned

Third and Fourth Lateran Councils

Jews forced to wear distinctive garb and badge, forbidden from having Christian servants, deemed inferior to Christian testimony, interest on a Jewish loan limited

Jewish expulsions

Started in 1290, Jews were made to leave Western Europe, largest one was from Spain

Garcia Mendes Nasi

Wealthy woman from a Portuges Marrano family who succored JEws and Marranos of the 16th century

Rabbi Issac Luria

God reverse concentrated the world and through obedience and piety we can restore God's original creation

Joseph Caro

Author of the Shulhan Arukh, an authoritative code on Jewish Halakhah, uniting Jews under one basic code of Law

Shabbati Zevi

Tried to convince everyone hew as the Messiah and told everyone he was going to bring an end to the world, and ultimately converted to Islam after being given an ultimatum to prove it

Sephardi Migrations

Jews migrated to Italy and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey, Balkans, Syria, Lebanon etc.) after the expulsions from Western Europe

Jews in the Ottoman Empire

Generally welcomed because the Ottomans needed a commercial class to meet the needs of the expanding empire, and considered the Jews more trustworthy than Christians

Jewish Multiculturalism

Romaniot, Italian, Ashkenazi, and Sephardi Jews each had their own institutions but came together on larger affairs

Revival in the land of Israel

Some Jews moved back to Safed in the Galilee (mostly old-fashioned Jewish Mystics)

Judah Abravanel

Wrote a dialogue about love as a philosophical concept without any mention of Judaism (beginnings of Judaism as a compartmentalized part of Jewish life)

Leon Modena

Brilliant Rabbi and opponent of Mysticism

Jewish life in Italy - Similarities to Europe/Ottoman Empire

Jews were invited to live and remain in cities for an economic purpose, and were often multicultural in character, with separate religious identities but corporate social ventures

Jewish life in Italy - Uniquely Italian

Experience during the Renaissance, Jews were seen differently because of ideas like humanism and individualism. Brought life to secular activity, and proliferation of Jewish printing

Counter Reformation

Catholic Church's response to the reformation, that resulted in a Catholic reaction to any kind of progress or flourishing Jews enjoyed, under the impression that the Reformation happened because they were too relaxed in regard to Jews

Jewish Ghettos

Reaction to the counter-reformation in which Jews were forced into areas, locked in, and humiliated, with a curfew so they could't impact society

Cum Nimis Absurdum

Pope Paul IV's issues a Bulls, the premise being, "isn't it absurd that our religious enemies are flourishing" and decides to banish Jews into Jewish Ghettos

King Casmir the Great

Facilitated Jewish growth and development in Poland, and spread the Statue of Kalisz to other Polish cities that wanted Jews

Statute of Kalisz

Contract that allowed Jews to live in Polish communities and have protection in return for tax, with explicit protection against blood libel

Golden Age of Polish Jewry

Jews are thriving, prospering, growing, and enjoying security. They establish the council of the 4 lands

Council of the 4 lands

Jewish government organization in Poland that regulated commerce and disputes, among Jews

Chmielnicki Massacres

The slaughter of thousands of Jews during the course of a Cossack uprising against the Polish regime in the Ukraine

Israel ben Eliezer (Baal Shem Tov)

Founder of Hasidism, popularized through his disciples. Presented as a charismatic leader, teacher, healer, and miracle worker

Rabbi Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman (Vilna Gaon)

Leader of Mitnagdim (opponents of Hasidism)

Hasidism

Ultra-orthodox branch of Judaism that teaches the individual to raise every action in life to the level of prayer

Mitnagdim

Opponents of the Hasidim who placed emphasis on learning the tradition rather than emotion, and filed charges against Hasidism for novelty, ecstatic prayer, and neglect of study

Benedict Spinoza

Jewish-Dutch philosopher who studied philosophy in Amsterdam and came to the conclusion that Judaism is wrong

Uriel Da Costa

Studied the Torah to move to Amsterdam and join the Jews, but didn't read the oral law or the Talmud and was humiliated to death

Martin Luther

Wrote 95 Theses against the Catholic church, and went on to make a reformed Catholic Church he wanted Jews to join, but when they refused to he wrote bad things about them

Menasseh ben Israel

Sephardic rabbi, diplomat and teacher of Spinoza, tried to get Jews to go back to to Israel, and while he failed to get an official declaration he got Jews to live there

The Rise of Hasidism

Widespread Jewish mystical movement that arose because of the political and economic decline of Eastern European Jewry, "revolt of the common Jew", and the influence of Kabbalah

Tenents of Hasidism

Immanence of God, intense emphasis on prayer, Judeo-centric, and the Tzadik

Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment)

Restructuring of Jewish education to devote less time to the Talmud and more to subjects like modern languages and practical skills, was an enemy of both Hasidism and the Mitnagdim

Jews in Amsterdam

Generally affluent Sephardi dominated Jewish community made up of Marranos in professions and bureaucracies that had a large impact on finance and trade

Jews in France after Expulsion

Some Jews never left France, by 1750 there was a very tiny Jewish community in the Southwest. Also, a poor Jewish community living in Germany was conquered by France

Moses Mendelssohn

German Jewish philosopher who introduced German culture and Haskalah to Jews by translating the Torah, opening Jewish schools with secular subjects and curtailed the power of the Rabbis

Napoleon

French General who wanted to create a unified patriotic French empire, and spread his ideas to lands that he conquered, ultimately leading to the emancipation of Jews

The Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions, basic values (natural explanation, individualism, equality etc.), "Enlightened" Western Europeans began to call for the emancipation of Jews

French Revolution

Overthrow of French monarchy which led to a questioning of if Jews were included in the new ideas of individuality and citizenship

Reform Judaism

Judaism should be changed to reflect the values and sensibilities of an emancipated and enlightened Jewry

Modern Orthodox Judaism

Jews should engage fully in the practices and learning of the wider world, but Judaism should not change

Conservative Judaism

Judaism should be changed, but organically and in accordance with the historical sweep of Jewish legal tradition

Ultra Orthodox Judaism (Haredi Judaism)

General Antipathy to modern values, studies, scholarship

Secular Judaism

General antipathy to continued Jewish observance/belief

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document produced after the French Revolution declaring men are equal, thus forcing them to consider if Jews were included

Partitions of Poland

Poland divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia: Jews in Prussia and Austria were eventually emancipated but a large group remained in Eastern Russia

Pale of Settlement

Restricted district that Jews in Russia were required to live in, as an attempt to restrict the movement of Jews in the Russian empire

The Carrot and the Stick

Russian approach to the Jewish problem by getting them to assimilate either by encouragement or by making Jewish life so miserable they would want to change

Czar Alexander II

Ruler of Russia who freed the serfs, and went on a campaign of liberalization in Russia, causing Jews to join in on enlightenment pursuits German/French/English Jews had experienced earlier

Eastern European Enlightenment

Less successful at synthesizing old Judaism with new Judaism leading to polar opposites: either an embrace of tradition at the expense of enlightenment, or an abandonment of Judaism for enlightenment and Russian culture

Assassination of Czar Alexander II

Beginning of an evermore challenging reactionary period for Judaism, led to a new phase of persecution

May-Laws

Restricted Jews to living in the Pale of Settlement and prohibited Jews from living outside of larger cities and towns, owning or managing real estate, leasing land, and operating their businesses

Jewish Response to Russian Persecution

Migrated to America, Zionism (regain political autonomy in their own land) and Socialism

Mayor Karl Lueger

Example of the political factors that contributed to the rise of antisemitism. Even though he was friends with Jews, he talked bad about them to get a place in office

Rise of Modern Antisemitism

2 Main Factors, 1. The remarkable degree of integration, acculturation and cultural achievement of the emancipated Jewish populations, 2. The emergence and proliferation of a distinctively modern sort of anti-Jewish sentiment

Modern Antisemitism

Racial terminology and description of Jews as a racially different and inferior group of people. Jews were seen as parasite/infections, and were seen as sexually dangerosu

Reason for Rise of Modern Antisemitism

Legacy of anti-Judaism in European Christianity, rise of nationalism and secular/scientific revolutions. Fear of Competition, the "woes" of capitalism, and Democracy

Causes of the Holocaust

Rise of a distinctively modern racialized antisemitism, World War I and aftermath (German humiliation), and the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler

Nuremburg Laws

Laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood

Kristallnacht

Mobs throughout Germany destroy Jewish property and terrorize Jews

Einsatzgruppen

Nazi strike forces that killed innocent Jews with their infamous "death squads"

Babi-Yar

A deep ravine outside the Ukrainian city of Kiev, where the Einsatzgruppen murdered and buried close to 34,000 Jews over the course of two days, some soldiers start to be demoralized from kiling womena nd children and realize that if something goes wrong it's hard to cover up what they've done

Wannsee Conference

Conference in Germany concerning the plan to murder Jews more efficiently, which led to centralized killing operations, where Jews were brought to Poland and killed in gas chambers, and then their bodies were burned and dumped in rivers

May 1945

Germany surrenders

Consequences of the Holocaust

Demographic shift of center of Jewish life from Eastern Europe to two foci at the US and the State of Israel, Christian theology and realization that their hatred of Jews contributed to the Holocaust, General idea to preserve Jewish life, UN grants Jewish people the right to create their own land in the state of Israel

The Way to the Victory of Germandom over Judaism

Text written by Wilhelm Marr that suggested Jews and Germans were unbridgeable, and one must ultimately defeat the other

Moses Hess

Early German socialist and advocate of a Jewish state, "first Zionist"

Leon Pinsker

European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.

Rome and Jerusalem

Written by Moses Hess, basically said Jews have no hope of fitting into European society because at their core they are still Jews

Auto-emancipation

Pamphlet written by Leo Pinsker in 1882 discussing the roots of anti-Semitism and the urgent need for a Jewish national homeland

Theodore Herzl

First leader of Zionism, who put into plan a political, economic, and cultural plan for the future

First Zionist Congress

Held in Basel, Switzerland, where they established the Basil program