AP Human Geo Unit 5

tropical climate(surrounds the equator) produces

coffee, sugar, pineapple

subtropical climate produces

rice, cotton, tobacco

dry climate produces

cattle, sheep, goats, horses, camels

mediterranean climate produces

grapes, olives, dates

warm mid-latitude climate produces

vegetables, rice, fruits

cold mid-latitude climate produces

wheat, barley, livestock, dairy cows

yield

amount of agricultural production harvested per unit of land

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

an organism whose genome has been altered to promote specific traits that allow for increased production in livestock production of crop farming

environmental possibilism

idea that environment put limits on society, but people have the ability to modify the physical environment to overcome those limits

Intensive agricultural practices

practices that often require less land, but require more capital and labor, and are traditionally located closer to larger population centers

Intensive agricultural practices examples

• Plantation agriculture: cash crop farming in former colonies in tropical climates

• Mixed crop & Livestock agriculture: economically developed countries grow corn, soybeans to fatten livestock

• market gardening: in areas that have longer growing seasons, fruits, vegetables are harvested by migrant farmers

Extensive agricultural practices

practices that use less labor and capital but requires more land for production of food

• usually away from population centers

• crops have lower yield

Extensive agricultural practices examples

• shifting cultivation: in tropical climates, crops are planted continuously until it can’t

• nomadic herding: herders move cattle, sheep, goats

• ranching: ranchers raise cattle is areas where farming is not ideal

fallow

arable land that has been set aside to allow for nutrients to return to the soil

long lot

narrow parcel of land that traditionally connects to a waterway

• originally popular in Europe and areas that were settled by the French such as Louisiana & Quebec

metes and bounds

boundary that is based on landmarks in a geographic area to create the boundary

• originally popular in England

township and range

a survey method that creates a grid pattern by creating rectangular parcels of land

• originally used in the US

Fertile Crescent

located between Euphrates & Tigris River

• first agricultural revolution happened

• hunting & gathering→ sedentary farming

5 agricultural hearts

fertile crescent: wheat, oats, barley

Sub-saharan Africa: yams, coffee, sorghum

Central America: maize, potatoes, squash, peppers

East Asia: rice, soybeans

Southeast Asia: mangos, coconuts

Columbian Exchange

transfer of plants, animals and disease between the Old World and New World (Europe, Asia, Africa-Americas)

• spread of diseases

• potatos to Europe

Neolithic Revolution

first agricultural rev.

second agricultural rev.

in Britain, with Industrial Rev.

• use of machines

second agricultural rev.

in Britain, with Industrial Rev.

• use of machines

enclosure mov.

mov. in England that privatized agricultural land (more efficient!)

Green Revolution

started by Dr. Norman Bourlaug

• high-yield seeds

• increased chemical use

• mechanized farming

→ increased food supply

How are hybrid plants different from GMOs?

Hybrid plants are created by crossbreeding two plants for better traits (used in Green Revolution)

• GMO alters organism’s DNA

benefits & drawbacks of Green Rev.

good

• boosted food output

• efficient farming

• disease-resistant crops

bad

• loss of biodiversity

• widened wealth gap

• job loss for women

Bid Rent Theory

land prices change with distance from a city’s Central Business District

monocropping vs. monoculture

monocropping

• practice of cultivating one single crop year after year

monoculture

• practice of cultivating one single crop at a given time

commodity chain

entire production process; cultivation, processing, distribution, sales…

economies of scale

as a company grows it is able to reduce the average cost to produce its product (more access to better capital)

assumptions of the Von Thunen Model

• all land is flat

• there is one, single market

• all land has equal access to the market

• farmers want to maximize their profit

• all of the land has similar site characteristics

Von Thunen Model

center, there is a market

(order is closest to farthest to the market)

• dairy farming; since it is perishable

• forests; lumber is essential to build homes and heat & costly to transport

• grains/field crops; need large, cheap lands that are far from urban & cheap to transport

• ranching/livestock; need very large land

• wilderness: no commercial agriculture(too far away from market)

globalization

how the world is becoming increasingly connected

• nations become interdependent as they specialize and import/export products

• but it makes nations affected by global issues

negative effects of globalization in agriculture

food imbalance

• developing countries’ farmers turn to growing cash crops to export food to developed countries.

commodity dependence

when a country has more than 60% of its total exports made up of just commodities

environmental consequences of agriculture

• desertification

• soil salinization: process of salt accumulating in the soil, making hard for plants to grow

• deforestation: cutting down trees in forests

• air pollution: slash and burn agriculture increases CO2

• displacement of layer of soil due to human activities, water, wind or other natural forces

• water pollution: fertilizers, pesticides gets into water

irrigation

when water is moved to another place for vegetation

terrace farming

crops grown in terraces that are built into the slope (hills, mountains)

• really maximizing land

aquaculture

rearing(사육) of aquatic animals and organisms

food desert

an urban or rural community that lacks access to affordable, healthy, and fresh food

community-supported agriculture

a system of farming where consumers directly support local farmers by purchasing shares or subscriptions from the farmer in advance of the growing season.

food miles

distance food is transported from the producer to the consumer

urban farming

small scale farms located in urban and/or suburban areas that cultivate different agricultural products

organic farming

farming that produces food with natural methods without chemicals or GMOs

fair trade practices and products

allow consumers to directly purchase from the people who created the product

value-added crops

agricultural products that have been processed in a way that increase their overall value

• jams, cheese, yogurt

informal eonomy

economic activities and jobs that are not regulated or protected by the government

• street vendors, small businesses

gender inequality index

looks at reproductive health, empowerment, labour market participation

• low GII → less gender inequality

• high GII → more gender inequality

agricultural density

amount of farmers divided by the total amount of arable land