test 3

Smoking increases one's chances of developing heart disease.

True

Placebos are often as effective as some medicines

such as some pain killers and antidepressants.

What fraction of Americans are overweight?

Approximately two

Aside from getting enough calories, we also need to obtain \_____ through our diet.

minerals & vitamins

The only way to lose weight is to:

burn more calories than you eat

Science is a systematic method of procedures designed to keep us from fooling ourselves.

true

People can walk across hot coals because:

Ash does not conduct heat very well

Jane was an elderly woman in her 80s who always seemed to think she had some rare disease that could only be treated by a special medicine. If she didn't have this medicine, she started feeling weak and tired. Her doctor knew that there was nothing wrong with her and so he gave her a 'sugar pill' that had no medicinal effects. When Jane took the pills, she felt better, and so the doctor kept giving them to her. Jane's response can be considered an example of the \_______ effect:

placebo effect

Personal experience alone can establish the effectiveness of a treatment beyond a reasonable doubt.

false

If a doctor said that a person had only 3 months to live, but the person was still alive 5 months after that prognosis was made, we can conclude that the person must have been cured by a supernatural process.

false

When Doug was diagnosed with cancer, he had the overwhelming sense of anxiety that is common with such a diagnosis. The doctor recommended traditional chemotherapy, which Doug underwent just as the doctor prescribed. However, he also started taking a traditional Indian herbal supplement, and changed his diet to include more fruits and vegetables and less processed foods. To his and his family's great relief, the cancer went away. Afterwards, Doug told everyone that his diet and the herbal treatment had cured him. Is this conclusion reasonable given the circumstances?

No

As Leslie was walking home on a dark street after just watching a horror movie about vampires, she 'saw' something out of the corner of her eye that terrified her. Although she only caught a glimpse of it before running, she swore to her parents that she had seen a creature of some sort hiding in the darkness. She said it had big white eyes and made a strange noise

a noise like nothing she'd ever heard a human make. Given this information, we should:

From 2009

2011, Alicia purchased organic food based on the belief that it would reduce her risk of developing cancer. She believed this because the food is grown (presumably) without the use of synthetic pesticides, some of which are carcinogenic when used in the amounts applied by farmers. She also believed that organic food was more nutritious than food grown non

The Law of Infinitesimals, upon which homeopathy is based, states that:

the smaller the dose, the more powerful the medicine

Samuel Hahnemann (the founder of homeopathy) called the procedures he used to discover the cures for symptoms 'provings'. These consisted of having people eat a substance to see if it produced symptoms of an illness. If it did, he said it should be given as a treatment to treat sick people with those symptoms. Which of the following is NOT true of this technique?

It is objective

Schick notes that MRIs, which use extremely powerful electromagnetic fields, do not produce biological effects on people. Based on this, he suggests that magnet therapy doesn't work. This specific argument is based on:

the principle that claims should be consistent with facts

The practice of homeopathy ended in the early 1900's.

false

According to homeopathic principles, water that once had a "medically beneficial" substance dissolved in it

but no longer does

Most magnetic 'healing' devices available to the public, such as bracelets, wrist bands, etc, use \____ magnetic fields, whereas devices which are known to actually produce some biological effects use \____.

unchanging; pulsed

Research on homeopathy has shown that:

works no better than a placebo

When the alignment of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth produces a lunar eclipse, the body that is in between the other two is the...

Earth

The fact that one side of the Moon always faces Earth is evidence that while revolving about the Earth, it...

rotates about its axis

Each second, the burning Sun's mass

decreases

The Nebular Theory tells us that the solar system began to condense from a cloud of gas and dust about

4 1/2

The planet with a size most like Earth's is

Venus

Which of these is furthest from the Sun?

Pluto mainly, but sometimes Neptune

The continental crust sits higher than the ocean floor because:

the continents are less dense

If you live along the Pacific Ocean margins, you are very likely to experience earthquakes.

True

Which of the following are located along the mid

ocean ridges?

The rate at which the seafloor spreads has been determined using:

calculations based on the age of seafloor rocks and their distance from the mid

Spreading centers (also known as mid

ocean ridges and rift zones) are the sites at which:

What is the common name for the igneous rock type that makes up most of the continents?

granite

In terms of age, the ocean floor is \____ than the continents because it is \____.

younger; forced downward into the interior and melted during plate collisions

The continents are composed primarily of \________ material known as \______.

low density; granite

When an earthquake occurs, \_________

potential energy is converted into kinetic energy

The basic unit into which the crust of the earth is broken is a:

plate

Which of the following is true regarding the Theory of Plate tectonics?

It meets the criteria of being conservative/consistent and has scope

The ability to decipher the type of environment in which rocks formed is based on:

the laws of nature
the Principle of Uniformitarianism

Wegner's Theory of Continental Drift was:

initially rejected because he did not offer a mechanism by which the continents would move and some of his ideas were mistaken

The parallel stripes of alternating paleomagnetic bands on the ocean floor show that:

the seafloor is moving
the seafloor is diverging from mid

The fact that the idea that continents move was originally rejected, but later accepted, shows that:

science works because it is self

How long (years) will it take the diamonds in wedding rings to break apart?

one billion

Gneisses are banded \____ rocks formed when \____

metamorphic; rocks are subjected to intense heat and pressure

Enchanted Rock (shown below) is located in Central Texas near Fredericksburg and is made of an intrusive rock known as granite. Based on this, we know that it:

formed deep below the surface of the earth when magma solidified

Fossils are found in which type of rock?

sedimentary

Minerals may form in:

magma
fluids

The layered rock in the picture below is an example of \____ rock.

sedimentary

Minerals often have very neat shapes, such as cubes or pyramid

like forms, because:

Which type of rock is formed from the bits and pieces of other rocks?

sedimentary

The fact that only 8 elements, out of 112 known elements, make up most of the earth, is related to the fact that: (*You won't find the direct answer to this in the text. You have to apply what you've learned.)

heavy elements didn't form during the Big Bang when energy converted into matter
nuclear fusion in stars created a greater abundance of these elements
processes occurring when the earth formed from the nebula concentrated these 8 elements in the inner solar system

The fact that mitochondria contains its own DNA and is contained within their own membrane suggests that they were originally independently existing prokaryotes that were subsequently incorporated into eukaryotic cells; i.e., eukaryotic cells are actually "colonies."

True

Which of the following is a characteristic of all life

including cells?

All cells in the body divide throughout the lifetime of the individual.

False

The building blocks of proteins are:

amino acids

Chloroplasts are found in:

plants

There are only 20 amino acids found in nature, but the proteins of living organisms on earth are composed only 5 types of amino acids.

False

Which of the following elements are not necessary for a molecule to be considered a protein?

iron

The DNA in eukaryotes is found in:

the nucleus

Which of the following does NOT refer to examples of types of carbohydrates?

thymine

Which of the following is used to store genetic information?

DNA
RNA
nucleic acids

If a person with blood type A mates with a person with blood type B, and produce offspring that are type of AB:

the A and B alleles are codominant

Which allele in an organism with the genotype (Tt) will be expressed?

T

Transcription

requires that part of a DNA strand be unzipped
requires that base pairs floating in the nucleus bind with the exposed bases that have been exposed by 'unzipping' part of a DNA molecule
generates a negative image of the unzipped portion of the DNA molecule
ends with the movement of the newly formed RNA molecule out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm of the cell

In the DNA double helix, the bases form the \_______, whereas the sugars and phosphates form the \____.

rungs that connect the sides of the 'ladder'; sides of the double helix 'ladder'

All traits are controlled by one gene.

False

Which of the following is NOT true of RNA?

it forms a double helix

It takes four mRNA nucleotides to code for a single amino acid.

False

Which of the following is NOT a base in a DNA nucleotide?

lysine

A huge amount of DNA in the body does NOT code for amino acids and its function is presently unknown.

True

Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing of bases in a DNA strand?

A

There is only one way in which a mutation can occur.

False

Free radicals (groups of atoms with an unpaired electron) help to protect DNA from mutating.

False

The man who deduced the laws of inheritance did so based on:

mathematics

Which of the following is NOT correct?

a chromosome consists of three or more strands of DNA

At what site/s in a cell does protein synthesis occur?

ribosomes

Translation results in a mirror

image copy of a DNA segment by mRNA (with, however, thymines replaced by uracils), whereas transcription uses the instructions on the mRNA to construct a chain of amino acids.

With the exception of gametes, the DNA in humans is bundled into:

46 chromosomes

If a single gene caused both creases in the ear lob of males and a higher risk of heart attacks in males (but not females), we could say that:

a pleiotropic condition existed
these traits (creases and heart attacks) were sex linked

Assume tall (T) is dominant to dwarf (t). If a heterozygous individual (Tt) is crossed with a homozygous recessive dwarf (tt), the offspring will \______.

be 1/2 tall and 1/2 dwarf

Which of the following is true of codons?

they consist of three bases
they code for an amino acid
the sequence of codons code for a protein
they constitute the genetic code of life

If a relativist wants to convince someone that they he or she is correct, they cannot appeal to reason and must, therefore, result to the use of force or manipulation in order to obtain agreement.

True

The 'truth' of subjectivism is refuted by the fact that people hold contradictory opinions about subjectivism.

True

The fact that a large number of people believe something to be true is, in itself, good reason to believe it is true.

False

Social constructivism:

states that the cultural values of any society are as correct and valid as those of any others
implies that the Nazis were justified in committing the Holocaust
states that the cultural values of any society are as correct and valid as those of any others
implies that the Nazis were justified in committing the Holocaust

The point of the chapter in Schick concerning relativism and reality was to emphasize one of the foundations of science; namely, that there is an external, objective reality that scientists can learn more about by using reasoning and the scientific method.

True

According to Allen's Rule, people who live in cold climates would tend to be:

short and stocky

The biggest unsolved mystery in the study of evolution is:

how the first cells formed

The evidence for evolution discussed in the text and lecture includes:

the fossil record, which shows that single

Which of the following is true according to evolutionary theory?

none of the answers presented here are true

The brontosaurs (giant, herbivorous dinosaurs with long necks) must, by definition, have experienced:

directional selection

Sympatric speciation is more common than allopatric speciation.

False

Which of the following is indicated by the fossil record and genetic information?

humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor

Consider the following argument:
Premise 1: Members of a species can become divided into separate populations by physical barriers

such as canyon and rivers
Premise 2: The genetic changes that occur in each population will not be identical because such changes are random
Premise 3: The selection pressures faced by each population will become different over time
Premise 4: There is no mechanism which would stop genetic change from occurring at some predetermined limit of change
Conclusion: Speciation will occur given enough time
This argument is:

If two squirrel populations (of the same species) became isolated from one another and developed differences in mating behavior that prevented them from mating (even though they were biologically capable of doing so), this would be an example of a \_____ leading to \_________.

prezygotic barrier; speciation

The premise(s) of Darwin's ideas regarding natural selection is/are:

genetic diversity exists in all populations of organisms
more individuals are born than can survive due to competition, disease, etc

The Miller

Urey experiments in the 1950s showed that:

If the climate changed and became colder, organisms that experienced a gene mutation that increased the amount of fur on their body (which serves as insulation) would be more likely to survive and so, would produce more offspring. This scenario entails which concepts?

natural selection
fitness
survival of the fittest
adaptation

What generated the change in allelic frequencies in peppered moths in England when the bark of the trees was darkened by soot?

natural selection

What other planet in the solar system may have had conditions suitable for life to develop?

Mars

Which of the following is true regarding the evolution of antibiotic resistance in disease

causing bacteria?