Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology - The Nervous System Flashcards

Flashcards for Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology - The Nervous System

The Nervous System ___

Maintains homeostasis, relays feedback, and delivers electrical messages for quick responses.

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the ___.

Brain and spinal cord.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of ___.

All nerves coming from the CNS.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for ___.

Skeletal muscle movement, relays information from sensory receptors to the brain and provides muscle response via motor pathways.

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for ___.

Regulation of cardiac, smooth muscle, and glandular activity.

The _ contains nuclei and tracts.

CNS

The _ contains ganglia and nerves.

PNS

Afferent neurons ___.

Transmit messages to the CNS.

Efferent neurons ___.

Transmit messages away from the CNS.

Visceral nerves are ___.

Nerves associated with organs.

The basic features and parts of a neuron are ___.

Cell body (soma), dendrites, and axons.

Dendrites ___.

Receive information.

Axons ___.

Send out information.

Sensory neurons ___.

Transmit information to the CNS (afferent nerves).

Motor neurons ___.

Transmit information from the CNS to the body (efferent nerves).

Interneurons ___.

Connect neurons within the CNS, distribute sensory information and coordinate motor responses.

The layers of connective tissue that surround nerve bundles are ___.

Endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium.

Ganglia are ___.

Masses of neuron cell bodies and supporting neuroglia cells that support relaying of information between cells.

Neuroglia are ___.

Supportive cells in the CNS and PNS.

Astrocytes (CNS) are responsible for ___.

Formation of synapses and part of the blood-brain barrier.

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) ___.

Produce myelin sheath around axons in the CNS.

Microglia (CNS) ___.

Protect CNS cells by phagocytic activity.

Ependymal cells (CNS) ___.

Line ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, forming cerebrospinal fluid.

Schwann cells (PNS) ___.

Produce myelin sheath around axons in the PNS.

Satellite cells (PNS) ___.

Surround ganglia, providing support and insulation.

The CNS consists of the ___.

Brain and spinal cord.

The function of the brain is to ___.

Control and coordinate all the activities of the body.

The forebrain consists of the ___.

Cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

The hindbrain consists of the ___.

Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.

The three layers of the meninges are ___.

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

White matter consists of ___.

Myelinated (fat) axons from many neurons.

Grey matter consists of ___.

Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia.

Tracts of axons in the spinal cord ___.

Carry information towards the brain (ascending tracts) or away from the brain (descending tracts).

Cranial nerves ___.

Communicate from the spinal cord to the rest of the body.

Spinal nerves ___.

Communicate from the brain stem to the rest of the body.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) ___.

Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; associated with visceral structures.

The sympathetic nervous system ___.

Mobilizes reserves under stress.

The parasympathetic nervous system ___.

Maintains homeostasis, resting state.

Sympathetic system ganglion ___.

Located near to the CNS, preganglionic neurons have short axons and postganglionic neurons have longer axons.

Parasympathetic system ganglion ___.

Ganglia lie near or within the walls of the target organs, preganglionic neurons have longer axons and postganglionic neurons have short axons.

Synaptic vesicles ___.

Store chemical neurotransmitters.

Action potentials pass between pre and post-synaptic neurons via ___.

Electrical or chemical transmission.

Acetylcholine ___.

Released by motor neurons in the PNS and ANS and has an important role in the CNS in maintaining cognition.

Noradrenaline ___.

Primary transmitter in the sympathetic nervous system, controlling blood pressure, HR, and liver function.

Adrenaline ___.

Helps neurons within the brain communicate with each other.

An action potential is defined as a ___.

Brief change in the voltage across the membrane due to the flow of certain ions into and out of the neuron.

The distribution of ions in a cell during resting membrane potential is ___.

Sodium ions (Na+) are more concentrated outside the cell and potassium ions (K+) are more concentrated inside the cell, maintained by the sodium potassium pump.

Action potentials involve ___.

Depolarisation, repolarisation, and hyperpolarisation, followed by a refractory period.