cancer questions

what are the 3 general categories of mutation

gene mutations, chromosome mutations, genome mutations

what do gene mutations affect

one gene

what do chromosome mutations affect

multiple genes

what do genome mutations affect

number of chromosomes in a cell

how many base pairs does the human genome have

6,000,000,000

what repair is it when you remove one base pair and replace it with the correct one

base excision repair and mismatch repair

what repair is it when a chunk of fused nucleotides has to be removed

nucleotide excision repair

what is a mutagenic environment

when mutations lead to more mutations being made

what repair is it when DNA undergoes a double strand break and a homologous template is needed to repair it

homologous recombination repair

what repair is it when DNA undergoes a double strand break and the ends are joined together to nucleotides to fix it, no template so many mutations

non homologous end joining (NHEJ)

what are the 3 cell cycle checkpoints

G1, S and G2, metaphase

what happens at the G1 checkpoint

check DNA is intact and environment good to divide

what happens at the S and G2 checkpoint

check DNA replication is correct

what happens at the metaphase checkpoint

check microtubule attachment and chromosome alignment

how does inflammation occur

cell bursts and its contents are everywhere

what is apoptosis

programmed cell death where cells shrink away

how many mutations does a baby inherit that their parents didn’t

133

how are genome mutations caused

nondisjunction

how many chromosomes does a trisomy and monosomy cell have

trisomy: (2n+1), monosomy: (2n-1)

can only sex chromosomes be silenced

no, any chromosome can, one is always expressed more than the other

what gene stops cell growth and oncogenes, needs to be mutated for cancer to occur

tumor suppressor gene

what gene accelerates cell growth, if mutates become an oncogene

proto-oncogene

what gene is mutated, doesn’t cause cancer but increases risk

oncogene

what percent of cancers are from hereditary causes

5%

what gene is a tumor suppressor and proto-oncogene that regulates cell cycle, arrests cell cycle until DNA fixed or causes apoptosis

p53

describe the philadelphia chromosome

causes chronic myelogenous leukemia, chromosome 9 and 22 switch parts, 22 become philadelphia chromosome

what tumor suppressor gene responsible for proper repair of double stranded DNA breaks increases risk of breast cancer in women and men if mutated

BRCA1 and BRCA2

what are some characteristics of cancer cells

large nuclei, small cells, divide rapidly, disorganized abnormal chromosomes, not differentiated- don’t become productive cells

what is it called when blood vessels form to bring cancer cells nutrients that they’re stealing from working cells, cancer cells secrete angiogenin to aid this process

angiogenesis

do cancer cells turn other cells cancerous

no, they just spread

if I have a tumor that invades neighboring tissue and spreading all over the body what kind is it

malignant

if I have freckles and a tumor that is compressing a blood vessel what kind are these

benign

abnormal tissue enlargement, leads to tumor

hyperplasia

abnormal change in size, shape, organization of cells

dysplasia

what hormone in the blood can indicate a cancer 

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

do tumors have to be attached to a structure

no, anchorage independent

how does cancer metastasize

forming pseudopodia (false feet), get into bloodstream or lymphatic system

what are the 3 types of carcinogens

physical, biological, chemical

what are the signs of skin cancer

asymmetrical, borders, color, diameter, evolve

if I have cancer that started in my basal cells what do I have

basal cell carcinoma

if I have cancer that started in my squamous cells what do I have

squamous cell carcinoma

if I have cancer that started in my melanocytes what do I have

melanoma

if I have cancer in my bone or muscle what do I have

sarcoma

if I have cancer in my epithelial tissue what do I have

carcinoma

if I have a benign tumor in a gland what do I have

adenoma

if I have cancer in a mucous secreting gland what do I have

adenocarcinoma

if I have cancer in my blood cells what do I have

leukemia

which blood cells don’t have a nucleus

RBC

if I have cancer in my lymphatic system what do I have

lymphoma

if I have cancer in my embryonic tissue what do I have

blastoma

if I have cancer in my glial cells what do I have

glioma

what does a PAP smear test for

cervical cancer

what does a mammogram test for

breast cancer

what does a colonoscopy test for

colon cancer

what does a PSA blood test test for

prostate cancer

what does occult mean

you can’t see it

what is the only way to determine if a tumor is benign or malignant

biopsy

I took a covid test and it said I had covid but I really didn’t what is this an example of

false positive

I took a covid test and it said I didn’t have covid but I really did what is this an example of

false negative

who has generally higher incidence and mortality rates of cancer

males

treatment where you cut out tumor

surgery

treatment where you use high energy x rays to kill tumor

radiotherapy

treatment of chemotherapy and radiotherapy together

chemo-radiation

treatment of surgery and another method

adjuvant therapy

treatment where you use chemicals to kill rapidly dividing cells, specialized to organ, some use radioisotopes

chemotherapy

treatment where cancer cells are targeted

targeted therapy

system of targeted therapy (prevent cell signaling, tag for immune system, carry toxin to kill cell) by binding to cell surface

monoclonal antibodies

system of targeted therapy (block enzymes promoting cell growth) by binding to proteins

small molecule drugs

treatment where stimulate person’s immune system to kill cancer

immunotherapy/biotherapy

stimulate immune cells and block proteins promoting growth

interferons

what factor promotes apoptosis

tumor necrosis factor

what do immunotherapy drugs do

T cells kill cancer, tumor cells bind to T cells turning them off, immunotherapy drugs block tumor cells from turning T cells off